Naturally occurring modified ribonucleosides

Phillip J. McCown; Agnieszka Ruszkowska; Charlotte N. Kunkler; Kurtis Breger; Jacob P. Hulewicz; Matthew C. Wang; Noah A. Springer; Jessica A. Brown

doi:10.1002/wrna.1595

journal article Open Access Apr 16, 2020

Naturally occurring modified ribonucleosides

Phillip J. McCown

WIREs RNA Vol. 11 No. 5 · Wiley

View at Publisher Save 10.1002/wrna.1595

Abstract

AbstractThe chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the “fifth” ribonucleotide in 1951. Since then, the ever‐increasing number and complexity of modified ribonucleosides have been found in viruses and throughout all three domains of life. Such modifications can be as simple as methylations, hydroxylations, or thiolations, complex as ring closures, glycosylations, acylations, or aminoacylations, or unusual as the incorporation of selenium. While initially found in transfer and ribosomal RNAs, modifications also exist in messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs. Modifications have profound cellular outcomes at various levels, such as altering RNA structure or being essential for cell survival or organism viability. The aberrant presence or absence of RNA modifications can lead to human disease, ranging from cancer to various metabolic and developmental illnesses such as Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson syndrome, Bowen–Conradi syndrome, or Williams–Beuren syndrome. In this review article, we summarize the characterization of all 143 currently known modified ribonucleosides by describing their taxonomic distributions, the enzymes that generate the modifications, and any implications in cellular processes, RNA structure, and disease. We also highlight areas of active research, such as specific RNAs that contain a particular type of modification as well as methodologies used to identify novel RNA modifications.This article is categorized under:RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification

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191

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References

Details

Published: Apr 16, 2020
Vol/Issue: 11(5)
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Authors

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Phillip J. McCown