journal article Open Access Apr 05, 2026

Diagnostic approach, vaccination and treatment priorities for Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle: lessons from Balkan epidemics to Western Europe re-emergence (2025)

View at Publisher Save 10.1007/s11259-026-11190-8
Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
130
[1]
Abutarbush SM, Ababneh MM, Al Zoubi IG et al (2015) Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan: Disease Emergence, Clinical Signs, Complications and Preliminary-associated Economic Losses. Transbound Emerg Dis 62:549–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12177 10.1111/tbed.12177
[2]
Aerts L, Haegeman A, De Leeuw I et al (2021) Detection of clinical and subclinical lumpy skin disease using ear notch testing and skin biopsies. Microorganisms 9:2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/MICROORGANISMS9102171/S1 10.3390/microorganisms9102171/s1
[3]
Agianniotaki EI, Tasioudi KE, Chaintoutis SC et al (2017) Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Greece during 2015–16, implementation of emergency immunization and genetic differentiation between field isolates and vaccine virus strains. Vet Microbiol 201:78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETMIC.2016.12.037 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.037
[4]
Akther M, Akter SH, Sarker S et al (2023) Global burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, outbreaks, and future challenges. Viruses 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091861 10.3390/v15091861
[5]
Alanazi FJ, Ali M, Elsaid H EM, et al (2026) Insights into mathematical model with efficient control measures for lumpy skin disease of cattle considering the presence of contaminated environment. J Biol Dyn 20:2617692. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2026.2617692 10.1080/17513758.2026.2617692
[6]
Aleksandr K, Olga B, David WB et al (2020) Non-vector-borne transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. Sci Rep 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-020-64029-W 10.1038/s41598-020-64029-w
[7]
Alkhamis MA, VanderWaal K (2016) Spatial and temporal epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Middle East, 2012–2015. Front Vet Sci 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/FVETS.2016.00019 10.3389/fvets.2016.00019
[8]
Almuallem NA, Chauhan RP (2025) Effects of quarantine and vaccination on the transmission of Lumpy skin disease: a fractional approach. PLoS ONE 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0327673 10.1371/journal.pone.0327673
[9]
Amin DM, Shehab G, Emran R et al (2021) Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays. Vet World 14:2230. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2021.2230-2237 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2230-2237
[10]
Annandale CH, Holm DE, Ebersohn K, Venter EH (2014) Seminal transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in heifers. Transbound Emerg Dis 61:443–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.12045 10.1111/tbed.12045
[11]
Annandale CH, Smuts MP, Ebersohn K et al (2019) Effect of using frozen–thawed bovine semen contaminated with lumpy skin disease virus on in vitro embryo production. Transbound Emerg Dis 66:1539–1547. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.13179 10.1111/tbed.13179
[12]
Aspden K, Van Dijk AA, Bingham J et al (2002) Immunogenicity of a recombinant lumpy skin disease virus (neethling vaccine strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in cattle. Vaccine 20:2693–2701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00203-7 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00203-7
[13]
Ayelet G, Abate Y, Sisay T et al (2013) Lumpy skin disease: Preliminary vaccine efficacy assessment and overview on outbreak impact in dairy cattle at Debre Zeit, central Ethiopia. Antiviral Res 98:261–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.008 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.008
[14]
Azeem S, Sharma B, Shabir S et al (2022) Lumpy skin disease is expanding its geographic range: A challenge for Asian livestock management and food security. Vet J 279:105785. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TVJL.2021.105785 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105785
[15]
Babiuk S (2018) Vaccines against LSD and vaccination strategies. Lumpy Ski Dis 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92411-3_18 10.1007/978-3-319-92411-3_18
[16]
Bajpai M, Khilari A, Likhitkar B et al (2025) Detection and variant characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from dairy cattle in India. Virus Evol 11:veaf090. https://doi.org/10.1093/VE/VEAF090 10.1093/ve/veaf090
[17]
Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V et al (2008) In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts on goatpox virus replication. Indian J Exp Biol 46:120–127
[18]
Bouchemla F, Agoltsov VA, Larionov SV et al (2018) Epizootiological study on spatiotemporal clusters of Schmallenberg virus and Lumpy skin diseases: The case of Russia. Vet World 11:1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2018.1229-1236 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1229-1236
[19]
Brenner J, Haimovitz M, Oron E et al (2006) Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in a large dairy herd in Israel, June 2006. Isr J Vet Med 61:73–77
[20]
Brenner J, Sharir B, Yadin H et al (2009) Herpesvirus type 2 in biopsy of a cow with possible pseudo-lumpy-skin disease. Vet Rec 165:539–540. https://doi.org/10.1136/VR.165.18.539 10.1136/vr.165.18.539
[21]
Buck G, Quesnel JJ, Serres H (1956) Une maladie nouvellement identifiée à Madagascar, la Lumpy skin disease. Rev d’élevage médecine vétérinaire des pays Trop 9:229. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.6975 10.19182/remvt.6975
[22]
Burranboina KK, Kumar KM, Manjunatha Reddy GB et al (2022) GC-MS analysis, molecular Docking and pharmacokinetic studies of various bioactive compounds from methanolic leaf extracts of Leucas aspera (L) against anti - Capripox viral activity. Chem Data Collect 39:100873. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CDC.2022.100873 10.1016/j.cdc.2022.100873
[23]
Calistri P, DeClercq K, De Vleeschauwer A et al (2018) Lumpy skin disease: scientific and technical assistance on control and surveillance activities. EFSA J 16:e05452. https://doi.org/10.2903/J.EFSA.2018.5452 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5452
[24]
Calistri P, DeClercq K, Gubbins S et al (2019) Lumpy skin disease: III. Data collection and analysis. EFSA J 17. https://doi.org/10.2903/J.EFSA.2019.5638 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5638
[25]
Carn VM, Kitching RP (1995) An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiol Infect 114:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800052067 10.1017/s0950268800052067
[26]
Casal J, Allepuz A, Miteva A et al (2018) Economic cost of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in three Balkan countries: Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2016–2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 65:1680–1688. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.12926 10.1111/tbed.12926
[27]
Chihota CM, Rennie LF, Kitching RP, Mellor PS (2001) Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiol Infect 126:317–321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268801005179 10.1017/s0950268801005179
[28]
Chihota CM, Rennie LF, Kitching RP, Mellor PS (2003) Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Med Vet Entomol 17:294–300. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2915.2003.00445.X 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x
[29]
Coetzer JAW, Tuppurainen ESM (2004) Lumpy skin disease. Infect Dis Livest 2:1268–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92411-3 10.1007/978-3-319-92411-3
[30]
Dao TD, Tran LH, Nguyen HD et al (2022) Characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus isolated from a giraffe in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 69:e3268–e3272. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.14583 10.1111/tbed.14583
[31]
Das A, Babiuk S, McIntosh MT (2012) Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of capripoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol 50:1613–1620. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06796-11 10.1128/jcm.06796-11
[32]
Davies FG (1982) Observations on the epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 88:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002217240006993X 10.1017/s002217240006993x
[33]
Davies FG (1991) Lumpy skin disease of cattle: a growing problem in Africa and the Near East. World Anim Rev 68:37–42
[34]
Diesel A (1952) The epizootiology of lumpy skin disease in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.5555/19522203383 10.5555/19522203383
[35]
EFSA (2017) Scientific report on lumpy skin disease: I. Data collection and analysis. EFSA J 15:e04773. https://doi.org/10.2903/J.EFSA.2017.4773 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4773
[36]
EFSA (2018) Lumpy skin disease II. Data collection and analysis. EFSA J 16. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5176 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5176
[37]
EFSA AHAW P (2016) Urgent advice on lumpy skin disease. EFSA J 14. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4573 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4573
[38]
El-Ansary RE, El-Dabae WH, Bream AS, El Wakil A (2022) Isolation and molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from hard ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12917-022-03398-Y 10.1186/s12917-022-03398-y
[39]
El-Bagoury GF, El-Toukhy EI, El-Hamady MG, Kassem S (2024) Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Promising Antiviral Therapy of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Vitro. Egypt J Vet Sci 55:157–173. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJVS.2023.219490.1530 10.21608/ejvs.2023.219490.1530
[40]
El-Kholy A, Soliman H, Abdelrahman K (2008) Polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of a recent lumpy skin disease virus incursion to Egypt. Arab J Biotechnol 11:293–302
[41]
Es-sadeqy Y, Bamouh Z, Ennahli A et al (2021) Development of an inactivated combined vaccine for protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease and bluetongue viruses. Vet Microbiol 256:109046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETMIC.2021.109046 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109046
[42]
European Commission Infection with lumpy skin disease virus (LSD). In: Food Saf. https://food.ehttps//food.ec.europa.eu/animals/animal-diseases/diseases-and-control-measures/lsd_en. Accessed 13 Jan 2026
[43]
Şevik M, Doğan M (2017) Epidemiological and Molecular Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Turkey during 2014–2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 64:1268–1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.12501 10.1111/tbed.12501
[44]
FAO (1991) Guidelines for strengthening animal health services in developing countries-Annex 4. https://www.fao.org/4/u2200e/u2200e00.htm#Contents. Accessed 22 Jan 2026
[45]
Farag TK, Abou-Zeina HAA, Abdel-Shafy S et al (2025) Progress in diagnostic methods and vaccines for lumpy skin disease virus: a path towards understanding the disease. Vet Res Commun 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-10667-2 10.1007/s11259-025-10667-2
[46]
Gari G, Abie G, Gizaw D et al (2015) Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of three capripoxvirus vaccine strains against lumpy skin disease virus. Vaccine 33:3256–3261. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VACCINE.2015.01.035 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.035
[47]
GOV.UK (2025) 25 June 2025: Outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Italy. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/official-veterinary-surgeon-ovs-notes/25-june-2025-outbreak-of-lumpy-skin-disease-in-italy. Accessed 13 Jan 2026
[48]
Gubbins S (2019) Using the basic reproduction number to assess the risk of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Transbound Emerg Dis 66:1873–1883. https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.13216 10.1111/tbed.13216
[49]
Hamdi J, Boumart Z, Daouam S et al (2020) Development and Evaluation of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine for Cattle. Vet Microbiol 245:108689. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETMIC.2020.108689 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108689
[50]
Hasib FMY, Islam MS, Das T et al (2021) Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 7:1616–1624. https://doi.org/10.1002/VMS3.524 10.1002/vms3.524

Showing 50 of 130 references

Metrics
0
Citations
130
References
Details
Published
Apr 05, 2026
Vol/Issue
50(4)
License
View
Funding
Bursa Uludag University
Cite This Article
Eda Baldan Toker, Mevlüt Yaşar, Annamaria Pratelli, et al. (2026). Diagnostic approach, vaccination and treatment priorities for Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle: lessons from Balkan epidemics to Western Europe re-emergence (2025). Veterinary Research Communications, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11190-8