Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique for road infrastructure monitoring: a case study of the roadway network of the Nile Delta (Egypt)

AbstractA dependable transportation infrastructure is an essential local resource, linking communities and facilitating economic expansion. The Nile Delta, renowned for its high population density, is experiencing subsidence as a result of natural forces exerting pressure on its sediments. Land subsidence exerts a substantial influence on infrastructure, economic, and social progress. This study examines the evaluation of land subsidence in roads experiencing various issues in the Nile Delta. Each year, subsidence results in significant damage and, in certain instances, complete disruption of numerous road networks, with potential durations ranging from a few days to several months. Conventional methods for identifying and monitoring subsidence on a large and intricate road network can be challenging due to the substantial time and resource requirements. Satellite-based monitoring is essential as it can effectively detect ground displacements caused by human activities (such as subterranean diggings and disruption of other infrastructures) or environmental dangers, specifically those associated with crucial hydrogeological incidents. Moreover, it possesses the benefit of efficiently encompassing extensive regions with precision. This study utilized the persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) of SNAP-StaMPS workflow to employ differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) processing methods for investigating the area. By utilizing Sentinel-1 data, we successfully acquired a comprehensive understanding of the deformation occurring in the study area, specifically in the roads where subsidence is persistently taking place. The data has demonstrated its value in enhancing our understanding of the safety status of infrastructure and facilitating maintenance actions. The accuracy of the radar interferometry results was confirmed through the use of in situ methods, including Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), smart phone, and unmanned aerial vehicle. This approach has demonstrated its capability to consistently detect vertical displacement in critical areas of roads. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the PSI interferometry and the in situ measurements when absolute values are taken into consideration. The findings of this study also demonstrate that open-source solutions are more effective, which encompass freely available data and software, offered through the COPERNICUS program, possess significant potential for monitoring vertical displacements in roads.