NaHCO3 activation as a green strategy to reinforce structural properties of coffee biochar-based electrodes for advancing flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Effects of two-stage thermal decomposition

Jaegwan Shin; SeungCheol Yang; Kangmin Chon

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2026.120157

journal article Jul 01, 2026

NaHCO3 activation as a green strategy to reinforce structural properties of coffee biochar-based electrodes for advancing flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Effects of two-stage thermal decomposition

Jaegwan Shin SeungCheol Yang Kangmin Chon

Desalination Vol. 630 pp. 120157 · Elsevier BV

View at Publisher Save 10.1016/j.desal.2026.120157

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

68

[1]

Zhang "Evaluation of long-term performance of a continuously operated flow-electrode CDI system for salt removal from brackish waters" Water Res. (2020) 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115580

[2]

Ma "Environmental applications and perspectives of flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI)" Sep. Purif. Technol. (2024) 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.126095

[3]

Lee "Rocking-chair capacitive deionization for continuous brackish water desalination" ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. (2018) 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02123

[4]

Ahmad "Desalination of brackish water using capacitive deionization (CDI) technology" Desalin. Water Treat. (2016) 10.1080/19443994.2015.1037357

[5]

Water desalination via capacitive deionization: what is it and what can we expect from it?

M. E. Suss, S. Porada, X. Sun et al.

Energy Environ. Sci. 2015 10.1039/c5ee00519a

[6]

Li "Enhancing the electronic and ionic transport of flow-electrode capacitive deionization by hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres" Desalination (2023) 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116381

[7]

Jeon "Desalination via a new membrane capacitive deionization process utilizing flow-electrodes" Energ. Environ. Sci. (2013) 10.1039/c3ee24443a

[8]

Gou "Three-dimensional VS2/Ti3C2 heterostructures flow-electrode for capacitive deionization desalination" Sep. Purif. Technol. (2025)

[9]

Cho "Flow-electrode capacitive deionization with highly enhanced salt removal performance utilizing high-aspect ratio functionalized carbon nanotubes" Water Res. (2019) 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.080

[10]

Yang "Flow-electrode capacitive deionization: a review and new perspectives" Water Res. (2021) 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117222

[11]

Zhang "Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI): recent developments, environmental applications, and future perspectives" Environ. Sci. Technol. (2021) 10.1021/acs.est.0c06552

[12]

Jung "Adsorption of selected endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals on activated biochars" J. Hazard. Mater. (2013) 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.033

[13]

Yeh "Improved performance in capacitive deionization of activated carbon electrodes with a tunable mesopore and micropore ratio" Desalination (2015) 10.1016/j.desal.2015.03.035

[14]

Choi "Fabrication of a carbon electrode using activated carbon powder and application to the capacitive deionization process" Sep. Purif. Technol. (2010) 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.10.023

[15]

Shin "Alkali-activation as a facile way to reinforce porosity and defective aromatic structures of rice husk-based carbonaceous electrodes via C and Si etching governing brackish water desalination performance of flow-electrode capacitive deionization" Desalination (2026)

[16]

Adorna "Coconut shell derived activated biochar–manganese dioxide nanocomposites for high performance capacitive deionization" Desalination (2020) 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114602

[17]

Chu "A comprehensive review of capacitive deionization technology with biochar-based electrodes: biochar-based electrode preparation, deionization mechanism and applications" Chemosphere (2022) 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136024

[18]

Stephanie "Functionalized biochar electrodes for asymmetrical capacitive deionization" Desalination (2021) 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115240

[19]

He "Synergistic carbon–silicate hierarchical biochar from waste activated sludge for high-performance flow-electrode capacitive deionization" Resour. Environ. Sustain. (2026)

[20]

Shin "Highly selective recovery of phosphate ions using a novel carbonaceous adsorbent synthesized via co-pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds and steel slags: A potential phosphatic fertilizer" Chem. Eng. J. (2023) 10.1016/j.cej.2022.138978

[21]

Alshareef "Simultaneous co-hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation of food wastes to develop hydrochar for aquatic environmental remediation" Bioresour. Technol. (2022)

[22]

Chemical, Functional, and Structural Properties of Spent Coffee Grounds and Coffee Silverskin

Lina F. Ballesteros, José A. Teixeira, Solange I. Mussatto

Food and Bioprocess Technology 2014 10.1007/s11947-014-1349-z

[23]

Shin "Enhanced salt removal performance of flow-electrode capacitive deionization via NaOH activation of coffee waste-derived carbonaceous electrodes: roles of surface textural features" Desalination (2025) 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119314

[24]

Sajjadi "Chemical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications: a comprehensive review" Rev. Chem. Eng. (2019) 10.1515/revce-2018-0003

[25]

Sajjadi "A comprehensive review on physical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications" Rev. Chem. Eng. (2019) 10.1515/revce-2017-0113

[26]

More Sustainable Chemical Activation Strategies for the Production of Porous Carbons

Marta Sevilla, Noel Díez, Antonio B. Fuertes

ChemSusChem 2021 10.1002/cssc.202001838

[27]

Park "Dispersion stability of flow-electrodes for enhanced flow-electrode capacitive mixing performance: requirements for conductive additives" Chem. Eng. J. (2025) 10.1016/j.cej.2025.168822

[28]

Electrochemical behavior of biochar and its effects on microbial nitrate reduction: Role of extracellular polymeric substances in extracellular electron transfer

Kuppusamy Sathishkumar, Yi Li, Edmond Sanganyado

Chemical Engineering Journal 2020 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125077

[29]

Tauk "Exploring flow-electrode capacitive deionization: an overview and new insights" Desalination (2025) 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118392

[30]

Chen "Significant performance enhancement of Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors based on microwave-assisted pyrolyzed active carbon via synergistic effect of NaHCO3 activation and CNT networks" Mater. Today Sustain. (2024)

[31]

Zhang "Architecting one-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers via NaHCO3-mediated activation: mechanism elucidation of tunable micro/mesoporous structure" ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (2025) 10.1021/acsami.5c17079

[32]

Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)

Matthias Thommes, Katsumi Kaneko, Alexander V. Neimark et al.

Pure and Applied Chemistry 2015 10.1515/pac-2014-1117

[33]

Tan "Efficient capacitive deionization with hierarchical porous carbon flow electrodes" Desalination (2024) 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118051

[34]

Liu "Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon as a sustainable flow-electrode material for enhanced capacitive deionization" Chin. J. Chem. Eng. (2025) 10.1016/j.cjche.2025.04.001

[35]

Elmay "Characterization of Miscanthus pyrolysis by DRIFTs, UV Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry" J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis (2015) 10.1016/j.jaap.2015.03.004

[36]

Pontiroli "Super-activated biochar from poultry litter for high-performance supercapacitors" Microporous Mesoporous Mater. (2019) 10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.05.002

[37]

Wang "Promotion of anaerobic biodegradation of azo dye RR2 by different biowaste-derived biochars: characteristics and mechanism study by machine learning" Bioresour. Technol. (2024) 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130383

[38]

Fan "In situ characterization of functional groups of biochar in pyrolysis of cellulose" Sci. Total Environ. (2021) 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149354

[39]

Melo "Influence of pyrolysis temperature on cadmium and zinc sorption capacity of sugar cane straw—derived biochar" BioResour (2013) 10.15376/biores.8.4.4992-5004

[40]

Hao "Content and morphology of lead remediated by activated carbon and biochar: a spectral induced polarization study" J. Hazard. Mater. (2021) 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124605

[41]

Deconvoluting the XPS spectra for nitrogen-doped chars: An analysis from first principles

Michael Ayiania, Matthew Smith, Alyssa J.R. Hensley et al.

Carbon 2020 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.065

[42]

Cheng "Alkylation modified pistachio shell-based biochar to promote the adsorption of VOCs in high humidity environment" Environ. Pollut. (2022) 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118714

[43]

Feng "Sustainable and efficient removal of paraben, oxytetracycline and metronidazole using magnetic porous biochar composite prepared by one step pyrolysis" Sep. Purif. Technol. (2022) 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121120

[44]

Liu "Resource utilization of swine sludge to prepare modified biochar adsorbent for the efficient removal of Pb (II) from water" J. Clean. Prod. (2020) 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120322

[45]

A novel TiO2/biochar composite catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange

Lili Lu, Rui Shan, Yueyue Shi et al.

Chemosphere 2019 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.132

[46]

Shin "Facilitated physisorption of ibuprofen on waste coffee residue biochars through simultaneous magnetization and activation in groundwater and lake water: adsorption mechanisms and reusability" J. Environ. Chem. Eng. (2022) 10.1016/j.jece.2022.107914

[47]

Zhao "Effect of pyrolysis temperature on char structure and chemical speciation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species in biochar" Fuel Process. Technol. (2016) 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.06.029

[48]

Hong "Effects of temperature and particle size on the compositions, energy conversions and structural characteristics of pyrolysis products from different crop residues" Energy (2020) 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116413

[49]

Liu "A valuable biochar from poplar catkins with high adsorption capacity for both organic pollutants and inorganic heavy metal ions" Sci. Rep. (2017) 10.1038/s41598-017-09446-0

[50]

Saif "Activated carbons for flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI)–morphological, electrochemical and rheological analysis" Desalination (2025) 10.1016/j.desal.2025.118638

Showing 50 of 68 references

Metrics

0

Citations

68

References

Details

Published: Jul 01, 2026
Vol/Issue: 630
Pages: 120157
License: View

Authors

Funding

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Award: JK-26-0001

Cite This Article

Jaegwan Shin, SeungCheol Yang, Kangmin Chon (2026). NaHCO3 activation as a green strategy to reinforce structural properties of coffee biochar-based electrodes for advancing flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Effects of two-stage thermal decomposition. Desalination, 630, 120157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2026.120157

NaHCO3 activation as a green strategy to reinforce structural properties of coffee biochar-based electrodes for advancing flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Effects of two-stage thermal decomposition

You May Also Like