journal article Open Access Mar 01, 2025

The greenhouse gas emissions of pharmaceutical consumption and production: an input–output analysis over time and across global supply chains

The Lancet Planetary Health Vol. 9 No. 3 pp. e196-e206 · Elsevier BV
View at Publisher Save 10.1016/s2542-5196(25)00028-2
Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
40
[1]
Managing the health effects of climate change

Anthony Costello, Mustafa Abbas, Adriana Allen et al.

The Lancet 2009 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60935-1
[2]
Campbell-Lendrum "Climate change and health: three grand challenges" Nat Med (2023) 10.1038/s41591-023-02438-w
[3]
(2023)
[4]
Kovats "Heat stress and public health: a critical review" Annu Rev Public Health (2008) 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
[5]
McMichael "Climate change and human health: present and future risks" Lancet (2006) 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079-3
[6]
Nansai "Carbon footprint of Japanese health care services from 2011 to 2015" Resour Conserv Recycling (2020) 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104525
[7]
Malik "The carbon footprint of Australian health care" Lancet Planet Health (2018) 10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30180-8
[8]
Wu "The carbon footprint of the Chinese health-care system: an environmentally extended input–output and structural path analysis study" Lancet Planet Health (2019) 10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30192-5
[9]
Health care's response to climate change: a carbon footprint assessment of the NHS in England

Imogen Tennison, Sonia Roschnik, Ben Ashby et al.

The Lancet Planetary Health 2021 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30271-0
[10]
Steenmeijer "The environmental impact of the Dutch health-care sector beyond climate change: an input-output analysis" Lancet Planet Health (2022) 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00244-3
[11]
Chung "Estimate of the carbon footprint of the US health care sector" JAMA (2009) 10.1001/jama.2009.1610
[12]
Lenzen "The environmental footprint of health care: a global assessment" Lancet Planet Health (2020) 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30121-2
[13]
Pichler "International comparison of health care carbon footprints" Environ Res Lett (2019) 10.1088/1748-9326/ab19e1
[14]
Hertwich "The growing importance of scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions from industry" Environ Res Lett (2018) 10.1088/1748-9326/aae19a
[15]
Wang "Greenhouse gas contribution and emission reduction potential prediction of China's aluminum industry" Energy (2024) 10.1016/j.energy.2023.130183
[16]
Drew "HealthcareLCA: an open-access living database of health-care environmental impact assessments" Lancet Planet Health (2022) 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00257-1
[17]
Belkhir "Carbon footprint of the global pharmaceutical industry and relative impact of its major players" J Clean Prod (2019) 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.204
[18]
Forin "Are medicines more greenhouse gas intensive than cars? Comment to Belkhir, L, Elmeligi, A, 2019: Carbon footprint of the global pharmaceutical industry and relative impact of its major players" J Clean Prod (2022) 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129963
[19]
Peters "China's growing CO2 emissions—a race between increasing consumption and efficiency gains" Environ Sci Technol (2007) 10.1021/es070108f
[20]
Hoekstra "The emission cost of international sourcing: using structural decomposition analysis to calculate the contribution of international sourcing to CO2 -emission growth" Econ Syst Res (2016) 10.1080/09535314.2016.1166099
[21]
Wang "A multi-region structural decomposition analysis of global CO2 emission intensity" Ecol Econ (2017) 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.023
[22]
Baiocchi "Understanding changes in the UK's CO2 emissions: a global perspective" Environ Sci Technol (2010) 10.1021/es902662h
[23]
Treloar "Extracting embodied energy paths from input-output tables: towards an input-output-based hybrid energy analysis method" Econ Syst Res (1997) 10.1080/09535319700000032
[24]
Peters "The importance of imports for household environmental impacts" J Ind Ecol (2006) 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.3.89
[25]
Watts "The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate" Lancet (2019) 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32596-6
[26]
Andrieu "Health-care systems' resource footprints and their access and quality in 49 regions between 1995 and 2015: an input-output analysis" Lancet Planet Health (2023) 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00169-9
[27]
Hagenaars
[28]
(2022)
[29]
Bekker "Patient and medication factors associated with preventable medication waste and possibilities for redispensing" Int J Clin Pharm (2018) 10.1007/s11096-018-0642-8
[30]
Richie "Environmental sustainability and the carbon emissions of pharmaceuticals" J Med Ethics (2022)
[31]
Paut Kusturica "Minimizing the environmental impact of unused pharmaceuticals: review focused on prevention" Front Environ Sci (2022) 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1077974
[32]
Afanasjeva "Pharmacists as environmental stewards: strategies for minimizing and managing drug waste" Sustain Chem Pharm (2019)
[33]
Tian "Prevalence of use of potentially inappropriate medications among older adults worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis" JAMA Netw Open (2023) 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.26910
[34]
Wang "The legacy environmental footprints of manufactured capital" Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2023)
[35]
Peters "Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008" Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2011) 10.1073/pnas.1006388108
[36]
Wiedmann "Quo vadis MRIO? Methodological, data and institutional requirements for multi-region input-output analysis" Ecol Econ (2011) 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.06.014
[37]
Parvatker "Cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas emissions for twenty anesthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients based on process scale-up and process design calculations" ACS Sustain Chem Eng (2019) 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05473
[38]
Piffoux "Carbon footprint of oral medicines using hybrid life cycle assessment" J Clean Prod (2024) 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143576
[39]
Wiedmann "Editorial: Carbon footprint and input–output analysis—an introduction" Econ Syst Res (2009) 10.1080/09535310903541256
[40]
AGGREGATION VERSUS DISAGGREGATION IN INPUT–OUTPUT ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Manfred Lenzen

Economic Systems Research 2011 10.1080/09535314.2010.548793
Metrics
23
Citations
40
References
Details
Published
Mar 01, 2025
Vol/Issue
9(3)
Pages
e196-e206
License
View
Funding
Universiteit Leiden
Cite This Article
Rosalie H Hagenaars, Reinout Heijungs, Arjan de Koning, et al. (2025). The greenhouse gas emissions of pharmaceutical consumption and production: an input–output analysis over time and across global supply chains. The Lancet Planetary Health, 9(3), e196-e206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(25)00028-2