Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
30
[1]
McPhaden, M. J., Zebiak, S. E. & Glantz, M. H. ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science. Science 314, 1740–1745 (2006). 10.1126/science.1132588
[2]
Deser, C., Alexander, M. A., Xie, S.-P. & Phillips, A. S. Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2, 115–143 (2010). 10.1146/annurev-marine-120408-151453
[3]
Guilyardi, E. et al. Understanding El Niño in ocean–atmosphere general circulation models: Progress and challenges. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 90, 325–340 (2009). 10.1175/2008bams2387.1
[4]
The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño

Mat Collins, Soon-Il An, Wenju Cai et al.

Nature Geoscience 2010 10.1038/ngeo868
[5]
Li, J. et al. Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium. Nature Clim. Change 1, 114–118 (2011). 10.1038/nclimate1086
[6]
Stevenson, S. et al. Will there be a significant change to El Nino in the 21st century? J. Clim. 25, 2129–2145 (2012). 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00252.1
[7]
Urban, F. E., Cole, J. E. & Overpeck, J. T. Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407, 989–993 (2000). 10.1038/35039597
[8]
Cobb, K. M., Charles, C. D., Cheng, H. & Edwards, R. L. El Niño/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature 424, 271–276 (2003). 10.1038/nature01779
[9]
Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S. & Hughes, M. K. Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 759–762 (1999). 10.1029/1999gl900070
[10]
Chowdary, J. S. et al. Inter-decadal variations in ENSO teleconnection to the Indo-western Pacific for 1870–2007. J. Clim. 25, 1722–1744 (2012). 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00070.1
[11]
Kaplan, A. et al. Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567–18589 (1998). 10.1029/97jc01736
[12]
Trenberth, K. E. & Stepaniak, D. P. Indices of El Niño evolution. J. Clim. 14, 1697–1701 (2001). 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1697:lioeno>2.0.co;2
[13]
An Extension of the Tahiti–Darwin Southern Oscillation Index

C. F. Ropelewski, P. D. Jones

Monthly Weather Review 1987 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2161:aeotts>2.0.co;2
[14]
Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series

Michael E. Mann, Jonathan M. Lees

Climatic Change 1996 10.1007/bf00142586
[15]
A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis

Christopher Torrence, Gilbert P. Compo

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1998 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:apgtwa>2.0.co;2
[16]
Ault, T. R. et al. Intensified decadal variability in tropical climate during the late 19th century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L08602 (2009). 10.1029/2008gl036924
[17]
Wittenberg, A. T. Are historical records sufficient to constrain ENSO simulations? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L12702 (2009). 10.1029/2009gl038710
[18]
Gershunov, A., Schneider, N. & Barnett, T. Low-frequency modulation of the ENSO-Indian monsoon rainfall relationship: Signal or noise? J. Clim. 14, 2486–2492 (2001). 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2486:lfmote>2.0.co;2
[19]
Emile-Geay, J., Cobb, K., Mann, M. & Wittenberg, A. T. Estimating central equatorial Pacific SST variability over the past millennium. Part 2: Reconstructions and uncertainties. J. Clim. 26, 2329–2352 (2013). 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00511.1
[20]
Gershunov, A. & Barnett, T. P. Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2715–2726 (1998). 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2715:imoet>2.0.co;2
[21]
Robock, A. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys. 38, 191–219 (2000). 10.1029/1998rg000054
[22]
Adams, J. B., Mann, M. E. & Ammann, C. M. Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing. Nature 426, 274–278 (2003). 10.1038/nature02101
[23]
D’Arrigo, R., Wilson, R. & Tudhope, A. Impact of volcanic forcing on tropical temperatures during the last four centuries. Nature Geosci. 2, 51–56 (2009). 10.1038/ngeo393
[24]
Mann, M. E., Cane, M. A., Zebiak, S. E. & Clement, A. Volcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past 1000 years. J. Clim. 18, 447–456 (2005). 10.1175/jcli-3276.1
[25]
Emile-Geay, J., Seager, R., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R. & Haug, G. H. Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium. J. Clim. 21, 3134–3148 (2008). 10.1175/2007jcli1884.1
[26]
The Effect of Explosive Tropical Volcanism on ENSO

Shayne McGregor, Axel Timmermann

Journal of Climate 2011 10.1175/2010jcli3990.1
[27]
Siebert, L. & Simkin, T. Volcanoes of the World: An Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and Their Eruptions (Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series, Smithsonian Institution, GVP-3, 2012).
[28]
An Ocean Dynamical Thermostat

Amy C. Clement, Richard Seager, Mark A. Cane et al.

Journal of Climate 1996 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2190:aodt>2.0.co;2
[29]
Kang, I-S. Influence of zonal mean flow change on stationary wave fluctuations. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 141–147 (1990). 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<0141:iozmfc>2.0.co;2
[30]
Palmer, W. C. Meteorological Drought (US Department of Commerce, 1965).
Cited By
372
Earth-Science Reviews
A Review of Paleo El Niño-Southern Oscillation

Zhengyao Lu, Zhengyu Liu · 2018

Atmosphere
Metrics
372
Citations
30
References
Details
Published
Jul 02, 2013
Vol/Issue
3(9)
Pages
822-826
License
View
Cite This Article
Shang-Ping Xie, Edward R. Cook, Mariano S. Morales, et al. (2013). El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 822-826. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1936
Related

You May Also Like

Global warming and changes in drought

Kevin E. Trenberth, Aiguo Dai · 2013

2,842 citations

Forest disturbances under climate change

Rupert Seidl, Dominik Thom · 2017

2,374 citations

Greening of the Earth and its drivers

Zaichun Zhu, Shilong Piao · 2016

2,368 citations

Ground water and climate change

Richard G. Taylor, Bridget Scanlon · 2012

2,001 citations