Risk of developing high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or anal cancer after anal condylomata treatment in people living with HIV

AbstractAimTo assess the risk and natural history of developing advanced anal disease after diagnosis of anal condyloma in people living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsThis was a single‐centre retrospective cohort study of PLWH and anal condyloma from 2001 to 2021. Patients who developed advanced anal disease (AAD; anal high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and/or anal cancer) were compared to those who did not progress (non‐AAD). We assessed the potential association between AAD and condyloma location, recurrence, and treatment modality. AAD‐free survival was calculated utilizing Kaplan–Meier methods.ResultsA total of 118 PLWH and anal condyloma were included. Mean overall follow‐up time was 9.3 years. A total of 31% of patients developed AAD (n = 37). Average time to AAD from condyloma diagnosis was 5.6 years. On multivariate analysis, risk for AAD development was associated with perianal location of condyloma (OR 4.39, p = 0.038) and increased time from initial condyloma diagnosis (OR 1.12, p = 0.008). Higher CD4/CD8 ratios were associated with lower risk of AAD (OR 0.15, p = 0.029). Condyloma recurrence and treatment type were not associated with development of AAD. AAD‐free survival was longer in those with intra‐anal only condyloma versus those with either perianal disease alone or combined intra‐anal/perianal disease (mean survival times: 22.8 vs. 8.7 vs. 10.7 years, p = 0.017).ConclusionOur study demonstrates the need for careful, long‐term follow‐up of PLWH and condyloma, particularly in the setting of perianal disease and low CD4/CD8 ratio. Risk of anal disease progression is present even in the setting of condyloma regression following treatment.