Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

S. A. Omar; A. J. Webb; J. O. Lundberg; E. Weitzberg

doi:10.1111/joim.12441

journal article Nov 02, 2015

Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

S. A. Omar A. J. Webb J. O. Lundberg E. Weitzberg

Journal of Internal Medicine Vol. 279 No. 4 pp. 315-336 · Wiley

View at Publisher Save 10.1111/joim.12441

Abstract

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is generated endogenously byNOsynthases to regulate a number of physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions. A decrease in the production and bioavailability ofNOis a hallmark of many major chronic diseases including hypertension, ischaemia–reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and diabetes. ThisNOdeficiency is mainly caused by dysfunctionalNOsynthases and increased scavenging ofNOby the formation of reactive oxygen species. Inorganic nitrate and nitrite are emerging as substrates forin vivoNOsynthase‐independent formation ofNObioactivity. These anions are oxidation products of endogenousNOgeneration and are also present in the diet, with green leafy vegetables having a high nitrate content. The effects of nitrate and nitrite are diverse and include vasodilatation, improved endothelial function, enhanced mitochondrial efficiency and reduced generation of reactive oxygen species. Administration of nitrate or nitrite in animal models of cardiovascular disease shows promising results, and clinical trials are currently ongoing to investigate the therapeutic potential of nitrate and nitrite in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral artery disease and myocardial infarction. In addition, the nutritional aspects of the nitrate–nitrite–NOpathway are interesting as diets suggested to protect against cardiovascular disease, such as the Mediterranean diet, are especially high in nitrate. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities for nitrate and nitrite in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

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Details

Published: Nov 02, 2015
Vol/Issue: 279(4)
Pages: 315-336
License: View

Authors

S

S. A. Omar

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

A

A. J. Webb

Cardiovascular Division Department of Clinical Pharmacology King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre London UK

J

J. O. Lundberg

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

E

E. Weitzberg

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Funding

Vetenskapsrådet

Stockholms Läns Landsting

Stichting af Jochnick Foundation

Cite This Article

S. A. Omar, A. J. Webb, J. O. Lundberg, et al. (2015). Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Journal of Internal Medicine, 279(4), 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12441

Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

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