Structure and Utility of e‐Portfolios for Reflection and Learning in Healthcare Professional Education: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT

Background
Electronic portfolios (e‐portfolios) are increasingly used in healthcare professional education (HPE) to support learning, reflection and professional development. Despite their broad adoption, there is limited synthesis on how e‐portfolios are structurally designed and pedagogically implemented across healthcare programmes and on the implications for clinical teachers.


Methods
A narrative review was conducted following the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA). Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL between January and February 2025. Twelve studies published between 2012 and 2024 were included. Data were analysed to explore e‐portfolio structures, educational uses and reported effects on reflection and learning.


Results
E‐portfolios were implemented in various educational and clinical settings, showing considerable variation in platform design, structural components and curricular integration. Common features included reflective writing, documentation of clinical experiences, feedback mechanisms and assessment rubrics. Studies reported that e‐portfolios integrated into structured pedagogical frameworks and supported by training and mentoring promote reflective practice, student engagement and professional identity development. Conversely, inconsistent implementation, technological barriers or checklist‐oriented designs were associated with superficial engagement and limited educational value.


Conclusions
The educational value of e‐portfolios in HPE lies less in the technology itself and more in how these tools are pedagogically designed, supported and contextualised within clinical education. For clinical educators, attention to flexibility, relevance to practice and ongoing guidance may be key to promoting meaningful reflection rather than procedural completion. Further research is needed to identify best practices and improve adaptability in different healthcare education contexts.