Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius

Ian D. Loram; Constantinos N. Maganaris; Martin Lakie

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076307

journal article Mar 22, 2005

Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius

Ian D. Loram Constantinos N. Maganaris Martin Lakie

The Journal of Physiology Vol. 564 No. 1 pp. 295-311 · Wiley

View at Publisher Save 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076307

Abstract

It has been widely assumed for nearly a century, that postural muscles operate in a spring‐like manner and that muscle length signals joint angle (the mechano‐reflex mechanism). Here we employ automated analysis of ultrasound images to resolve calf muscle (soleus and gastrocnemius) length changes as small as 10 μm in standing subjects. Previously, we have used balancing of a real inverted pendulum to make predictions about human standing. Here we test and confirm these predictions on 10 subjects standing quietly. We show that on average the calf muscles are actively adjusted 2.6 times per second and 2.8 times per unidirectional sway of the body centre of mass (CoM). These alternating, small (30–300 µm) movements provide impulsive, ballistic regulation of CoM movement. The timing and pattern of these adjustments are consistent with multisensory integration of all information regarding motion of the CoM, pattern recognition, prediction and planning using internal models and are not consistent with control solely by local reflexes. Because the system is unstable, errors in stabilization provide a perturbation which grows into a sway which has to be reacted to and corrected. Sagittal sway results from this impulsive control of calf muscle activity rather than internal sources (e.g. the heart, breathing). This process is quite unlike the mechano‐reflex paradigm. We suggest that standing is a skilled, trial and error activity that improves with experience and is automated (possibly by the cerebellum). These results complement and extend our recent demonstration that paradoxical muscle movements are the norm in human standing.

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Metrics

270

Citations

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References

Details

Published: Mar 22, 2005
Vol/Issue: 564(1)
Pages: 295-311
License: View

Authors

I

Ian D. Loram

C

Constantinos N. Maganaris

M

Martin Lakie

Cite This Article

Ian D. Loram, Constantinos N. Maganaris, Martin Lakie (2005). Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius. The Journal of Physiology, 564(1), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076307

Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius

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