Convective Transport in Nanofluids

J. Buongiorno

doi:10.1115/1.2150834

journal article Aug 15, 2005

Convective Transport in Nanofluids

J. Buongiorno

Journal of Heat Transfer Vol. 128 No. 3 pp. 240-250 · ASME International

View at Publisher Save 10.1115/1.2150834

Abstract

Nanofluids are engineered colloids made of a base fluid and nanoparticles (1-100nm). Nanofluids have higher thermal conductivity and single-phase heat transfer coefficients than their base fluids. In particular, the heat transfer coefficient increases appear to go beyond the mere thermal-conductivity effect, and cannot be predicted by traditional pure-fluid correlations such as Dittus-Boelter’s. In the nanofluid literature this behavior is generally attributed to thermal dispersion and intensified turbulence, brought about by nanoparticle motion. To test the validity of this assumption, we have considered seven slip mechanisms that can produce a relative velocity between the nanoparticles and the base fluid. These are inertia, Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, Magnus effect, fluid drainage, and gravity. We concluded that, of these seven, only Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are important slip mechanisms in nanofluids. Based on this finding, we developed a two-component four-equation nonhomogeneous equilibrium model for mass, momentum, and heat transport in nanofluids. A nondimensional analysis of the equations suggests that energy transfer by nanoparticle dispersion is negligible, and thus cannot explain the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases. Furthermore, a comparison of the nanoparticle and turbulent eddy time and length scales clearly indicates that the nanoparticles move homogeneously with the fluid in the presence of turbulent eddies, so an effect on turbulence intensity is also doubtful. Thus, we propose an alternative explanation for the abnormal heat transfer coefficient increases: the nanofluid properties may vary significantly within the boundary layer because of the effect of the temperature gradient and thermophoresis. For a heated fluid, these effects can result in a significant decrease of viscosity within the boundary layer, thus leading to heat transfer enhancement. A correlation structure that captures these effects is proposed.

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5,933

Citations

30

References

Details

Published: Aug 15, 2005
Vol/Issue: 128(3)
Pages: 240-250

Authors

J

J. Buongiorno

Nuclear Science and Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

Cite This Article

J. Buongiorno (2005). Convective Transport in Nanofluids. Journal of Heat Transfer, 128(3), 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2150834

Convective Transport in Nanofluids

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