Period-Dependent Survival Benefit of Percutaneous Microwave Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A 12-Year Real-World, Multicentric Experience

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Although microwave ablation (MWA) is a promising technique for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, its 10-year efficacy is unknown. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of the study was to assess whether the advances in MWA for HCC translated into a real-world survival benefit. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This retrospective study included 2,354 patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage 0 to B from 5 hospitals, with at least 2 years of follow-up for all the patients. Recurrence and survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method with time-period stratification. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 5,326 HCCs (mean diameter, 2.9 cm ± 1.2) underwent 4,051 sessions of MWA with a median follow-up of 61.3 (0.6–169.5 range) months during 3 periods (2007–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2018). Technical success was achieved in 5,194 (97.5%) tumors with significant improvement over time, especially for >3.0-cm HCC (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Local tumor progression (LTP) showed no period-dependent advance, with >3.0-cm HCC and perivascular location being the risk factors for LTP. The median intrahepatic metastasis time was 27.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.2–28.8) months, with 5- and 10-year occurrence rates of 68.8% and 79.4%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year overall survivals were 63.9% and 41.1%, respectively, and BCLC stage 0, A, and all B patients showed an observable survival improvement over time (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The median disease-free survival time increased from 19.4 (95% CI: 16.5–22.6) months in 2007–2010 to 28.1 (95% CI: 25.9–32.3) months in 2015–2018. The improved survival for early recurrent (≤2 years) patients was period-dependent, as verified by Cox regression analyses. The major complications rate per procedure was 3.0% (122/4,051). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These real-world data show that MWA provided an upward trend in survival for HCC patients with BCLC stage 0–B over a 12-year follow-up period. An encouraging clear survival benefit in early recurrent patients was also observed.