journal article
Sep 19, 2019
Polarity Change Extraction of GPR Data for Under-road Cavity Detection: Application on Sudeoksa Testbed Data
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics
Vol. 24
No. 3
pp. 419-431
·
Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most widely used geophysical survey methods to locate cavities under roads due to its speedy exploration and high-resolution imaging. To locate underground cavities using GPR, we need to distinguish between cavity-induced reflections and other reflections, which can be achieved by examining the polarity change in reflections compared to the polarity of the transmitted signal. The polarity change can be measured from the phase shift between the target and first reflections. To estimate the phase shift in reflections, the method of computing the power spectrum difference between the original trace and background signal was proposed, but the method has a limitation for shallow reflectors. As an alternative method to avoid this limitation, we propose using only one component of the power spectrum difference, the cross-correlation between the target reflection and background signal. The cross-correlation has its maximum peak at a time lag between the target and first reflection (from the air-ground interface). Additionally, the phase at that time lag represents a phase shift between the two reflections. We compare our cross-correlation-based method with the conventional method of computing the whole power spectrum difference and investigate the feasibility of our method for distinguishing cavity-induced reflections using a 2D field data set acquired in a testbed in Sudeoksa, Korea.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most widely used geophysical survey methods to locate cavities under roads due to its speedy exploration and high-resolution imaging. To locate underground cavities using GPR, we need to distinguish between cavity-induced reflections and other reflections, which can be achieved by examining the polarity change in reflections compared to the polarity of the transmitted signal. The polarity change can be measured from the phase shift between the target and first reflections. To estimate the phase shift in reflections, the method of computing the power spectrum difference between the original trace and background signal was proposed, but the method has a limitation for shallow reflectors. As an alternative method to avoid this limitation, we propose using only one component of the power spectrum difference, the cross-correlation between the target reflection and background signal. The cross-correlation has its maximum peak at a time lag between the target and first reflection (from the air-ground interface). Additionally, the phase at that time lag represents a phase shift between the two reflections. We compare our cross-correlation-based method with the conventional method of computing the whole power spectrum difference and investigate the feasibility of our method for distinguishing cavity-induced reflections using a 2D field data set acquired in a testbed in Sudeoksa, Korea.
Topics
No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →
References
42
[1]
Angelis,
D.,
Tsourlos,
P.,
Tsokas,
G.,
Vargemezis,
G.,
Zacharopoulou
G.,
and
Power,C.,
2018,
Combined application of GPR and ERT for the assessment of a wall structure at the Heptapyrgion fortress (Thessaloniki, Greece):
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
152,
208–
220.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.04.003
[2]
Baek,
S.-H.,
Kim,
S.-S.,
Kwon,
J.-S.,
and
Um,E.S.,
2017,
Ground penetrating radar for fracture mapping in underground hazardous waste disposal sites: A case study from an underground research tunnel, South Korea:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
141,
24–
33.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.03.017
[3]
Banks,
V.J.,
Reeves,
H.J.,
Ward,
E.K.,
Raycraft,
E.R.,
Gow,
H.V.,
Morgan,
D.J.R.,
and
Cameron,D.G.,
2015,
Media, sinkholes and the UK National Karst Database:
in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference Sinkholes,
Rochester, Minnesota,
223–
230.
10.5038/9780991000951.1033
[4]
Benson,
K.A.,
1995,
Applications of ground penetrating radar in assessing some geological hazards: examples of groundwater contamination, faults, cavities:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
33,
177–
193.
10.1016/0926-9851(94)00029-n
[5]
Bogert,
B.P.,
Healy,
M.J.R.,
and
Tukey,J.W.,
1963,
The quefrequency analysis of time series for echoes: Cepstrum, pseudo autocovariance, cross-cepstrum and shape cracking:
inProceedings of the Symposium on Time Series Analysis,
Rosenblatt,M.(ed.),Wiley,
New York,
209–
243.
[6]
Cardarelli,
E.,
Filippo,
G.D.,
and
Tuccinardi,E.,
2006,
Electrical resistivity tomography to detect buried cavities in Rome: A case study:
Near Surface Geophysics,
4,
387–
392.
10.3997/1873-0604.2006012
[7]
Chen,
D.H.,
and
Wimsatt,A.,
2010,
Inspection and condition assessment using ground penetrating radar:
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
136,
207–
214.
10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000190
[8]
Chlaib,
H.K.,
Mahdi,
H.,
Al-Shukri,
H.,
Su,
M.M.,
Catakli,
A.,
and
Abd,N.,
2014,
Using ground penetrating radar in levee assessment to detect small scale animal burrow:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
103,
121–
131.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.01.011
[9]
Choi,
S.-K.,
Back
S.-H.,
An,
J.-B.,
and
Kwon,T.-H.,
2016,
Geotechnical investigation on causes and mitigation of ground subsidence during underground structure construction:
Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association,
18,
143–
154.
10.9711/ktaj.2016.18.2.143
[10]
Daniels,
D.J.,
1996,
Surface-penetrating radar:
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal,
8,
165–
182.
10.1049/ecej:19960402
[11]
Diamanti,
N.,
Elliott,
E.J.,
Jackson,
S.R.,
and
Annan,A.P.,
2018,
The WARR machine: System design, implementation and data:
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
23,
469–
487.
10.2113/jeeg23.4.469
[12]
Fernandes,
F.M.,
and
Pais,J.C.,
2017,
Laboratory observation of cracks in road pavements with GPR:
Construction and Building Materials,
154,
1130–
1138.
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.022
[13]
Gizzi,
F.T.,
Loperte,
A.,
Satriani,
A.,
Lapenna,
V.,
Masini,
N.,
and
Proto,M.,
2010,
Georadar investigations to detect cavities in a historical town damaged by an earthquake of the past:
Advances in Geosciences,
24,
15–
21.
10.5194/adgeo-24-15-2010
[14]
Hong,
W.-T.,
Kang,
S.,
Lee,
S.J.,
and
Lee,J.-S.,
2018,
Analyses of GPR signals for characterization of ground conditions in urban areas:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
152,
65–
76.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.03.005
[15]
James,
P.,
2014,
Feasibility assessment and informed survey design of cavity detection by forward geophysical modelling:
Ph.D. thesis,University College London,
London.
[16]
Jiang,
X.,
Lei,
M.,
and
Gao,Y.,
2017,
Formation mechanism of large sinkhole collapses in Laibin, Guangxi, China:
Environmental Earth Sciences,
76,
1–
13.
10.1007/s12665-017-7128-1
[17]
Kim,
J.H.,
Cho,
S.J.,
and
Yi,M.-J.,
2007
a,
Removal of ringing noise in GPR data by signal processing:
Geosciences Journal,
11,
75–
81.
10.1007/bf02910382
[18]
Kim,
J.H.,
Yi,
M.-J.,
Song,
Y.,
Seol,
S.J.,
Kim,
K.-S.,
2007
b,
Application of geophysical methods to the safety analysis of an earth dam:
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
12,
221–
235.
10.2113/jeeg12.2.221
[19]
Kim,
B.I.,
Kim,
Y.M.,
and
Cho,I.S.,
2008,
Evaluation of the dielectric constants and air void of asphalt concrete:
Korean Society of Road Engineers,
10,
387–
393.
[20]
Kim,
J.,
Choi,
C.,
Kang,
J.,
Baek,
W.,
and
Chung,M.,
2016,
Model test for the observation of cavity formation in sandy ground with reference to ground water level and relative density:
Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication,
4,
64–
67.
10.3208/jgssp.v04.k02
[21]
Kolesnikov,
Y.I.,
and
Fedin,K.V.,
2018,
Detecting underground cavities using microtremor data: physical modelling and field experiment:
Geophysical Prospecting,
66,
342–
353.
10.1111/1365-2478.12540
[22]
Li,
M.,
Anderson,
N.,
Sneed,
L.,
and
Torgashov,E.,
2016,
Condition assessment of concrete pavements using both ground penetrating radar and stress-wave based techniques:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
135,
297–
308.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.10.022
[23]
Liu,
C.,
Song,
C.,
and
Lu,Q.,
2017,
Random noise de-noising and direct wave eliminating based on SVD method for ground penetrating radar signals:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
144,
125–
133.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.07.007
[24]
Majzoub,
A.F.,
Stafford,
K.W.,
Brown,
W.A.,
and
Ehrhart,J.T.,
2017,
Characterization and delineation of gypsum karst geohazards using 2D electrical resistivity tomography in Culberson County, Texas, USA:
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
22,
411–
420.
10.2113/jeeg22.4.411
[25]
Montiel-Zafra,
V.,
Canadas-Quesada,
F.J.,
Vera-Candeas,
P.,
Ruiz-Reyes,
N.,
Rey,
J.,
and
Martinez,J.,
2017,
A novel method to remove GPR background noise based on the similarity of non-neighboring regions:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
144,
188–
203.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.07.010
[26]
Nobes,
D.,
1999,
Geophysical survey of burial sites: A case study of Oaro Urupa:
Geophysics,
64,
357–
367.
10.1190/1.1444540
[27]
Orlando,
L.,
2013,
GPR to constrain ERT data inversion in cavity searching: Theoretical and practical applications in archeology:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
89,
35–
47.
10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.11.006
[28]
Ozdemir,
C.,
Demirci,
S.,
Yigit,
E.,
and
Yilmaz,B.,
2014,
A review on migration methods in B-scan ground penetrating radar imaging:
Mathematical Problems in Engineering,
2014,
1–
16.
10.1155/2014/280738
[29]
Panek,
T.,
Margielewski,
W.,
Taborik,
P.,
Urban,
J.,
Hradecky,
J.,
and
Szura,C.,
2010,
Gravitationally induced caves and other discontinuities detected by 2D electrical resistivity tomography: Case studies from the Polish Flysch Carpathians:
Geomorphology,
123,
165–
180.
10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.07.008
[30]
Putiska,
R.,
Nikolaj,
M.,
Dostal,
I.,
and
Kusnirak,D.,
2012,
Determination of cavities using electrical resistivity tomography:
Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy,
42,
201–
211.
10.2478/v10126-012-0018-3
[31]
Rial,
F.I.,
Lorenzo,
H.,
Pereira,
M.,
and
Armesto,J.,
2009,
Waveform analysis of UWB GPR antennas:
Sensors,
9,
1454–
1470.
10.3390/s90301454
[32]
Ronen,
A.,
Ezersky,
M.,
Beck,
A.,
Gatenio,
B.,
and
Simhayov,R.B.,
2019,
Use of GPR method for prediction of sinkholes formation along the Dead Sea Shores, Israel:
Geomorphology,
328,
28–
43.
10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.11.030
[33]
Rybakov,
M.,
Goldshmidt,
V.,
Fleischer,
L.,
and
Rotstein,Y.,
2001,
Cave detection and 4-D monitoring: A microgravity case history near the Dead Sea:
The Leading Edge,
20,
896–
900.
10.1190/1.1487303
[34]
Saarenketo,
T.,
and
Scullion,T.,
2000,
Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar:
Journal of Applied Geophysics,
43,
119–
138.
10.1016/s0926-9851(99)00052-x
[35]
Saarenketo,
T.,
2006,
Electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and the use of ground penetrating radar in traffic infrastructure surveys:
Ph.D. thesis, University of Oulu, Oulu.
[36]
Schmelzback,
C.,
and
Huber,E.,
2015,
Efficient deconvolution of ground penetrating radar data:
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
53,
5209–
5217.
10.1109/tgrs.2015.2419235
[37]
Styles,
P.,
Toon,
S.,
Thomas,
E.,
and
Skittrall,M.,
2006,
Microgravity as a tool for the detection, characterization and prediction of geohazard posed by abandoned mining cavities:
First Break,
24,
51–
60.
10.3997/1365-2397.2006013
[38]
Tastan,
E.,
Kosaroglu,
S.,
Bilim,
F.,
2017,
Identifying of structural elements of building using ground penetrating radar (GPR):
A case study of the Cumhuriyet University, Turkey, Journal of Science and Technology,
7,
22–
26.
10.17678/beuscitech.295134
[39]
Van der Meer,
W.P.J.,
and
Inoue,Y.,
2004,
Using interference to determine the phase change of a reflected gpr pulse:
inProceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, 2004, Delft, The Netherlands, 299–302.
[40]
Wang,
W.,
Hao,
L.,
Li,
X.,
and
Sun,J.,
2017,
Signal processing technology and its application research of ground penetrating radar:
Earth and Environmental Science,
69,
1–
9.
10.1088/1755-1315/69/1/012077
[41]
Widodo,
W.,
Azimmah,
A.,
and
Santoso,D.,
2018,
Exploring the Japan Cave in Taman Hutan Raya Djuanda, Bandung using GPR:
Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
23,
377–
381.
10.2113/jeeg23.3.377
[42]
Zhao,
Z.,
2005,
Application of ground penetrating radar to locate subsurface voids in urban areas:
Ph.D. thesis,University of Louisville,
Louisville, Kentucky.
Metrics
9
Citations
42
References
Details
- Published
- Sep 19, 2019
- Vol/Issue
- 24(3)
- Pages
- 419-431
Authors
Cite This Article
Jongha Hwang, Donggeon Kim, Xiangyue Li, et al. (2019). Polarity Change Extraction of GPR Data for Under-road Cavity Detection: Application on Sudeoksa Testbed Data. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 24(3), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.3.419
Related
You May Also Like
Difference Inversion of ERT Data: a Fast Inversion Method for 3-D In Situ Monitoring
Douglas J. LaBrecque, Xinya Yang · 2001
229 citations
An Evaluation of Methods and Available Software for Seismic Refraction Tomography Analysis
Jacob R. Sheehan, William E. Doll · 2005
132 citations
Historical Development and Performance of Airborne Magnetic and Electromagnetic Systems for Mapping and Detection of Unexploded Ordnance
William E Doll, T. Jeffrey Gamey · 2012
28 citations