11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, an interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

120

[1]

de Boer "Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)" Diabetes Care (2022) 10.2337/dci22-0027

[2]

Afkarian "Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988-2014" JAMA (2016) 10.1001/jama.2016.10924

[3]

de Boer "Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States" JAMA (2011) 10.1001/jama.2011.861

[4]

DCCT/EDIC Research Group "Kidney disease and related findings in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study" Diabetes Care (2014) 10.2337/dc13-2113

[5]

Johansen "US Renal Data System 2020 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States" Am J Kidney Dis (2021) 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.002

[6]

Fox "Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis" Lancet (2012) 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61350-6

[7]

Yarnoff "The cost-effectiveness of using chronic kidney disease risk scores to screen for early-stage chronic kidney disease" BMC Nephrol (2017) 10.1186/s12882-017-0497-6

[8]

Coresh "Change in albuminuria and subsequent risk of end-stage kidney disease: an individual participant-level consortium meta-analysis of observational studies" Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2019) 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30313-9

[9]

Levey "Change in albuminuria and GFR as end points for clinical trials in early stages of CKD: a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation in collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency" Am J Kidney Dis (2020) 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.06.009

[10]

Afkarian "Kidney disease and increased mortality risk in type 2 diabetes" J Am Soc Nephrol (2013) 10.1681/asn.2012070718

[11]

Groop "The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease predicts all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes" Diabetes (2009) 10.2337/db08-1543

[12]

Gomes "Is there a physiological variability for albumin excretion rate? Study in patients with diabetes type 1 and non-diabetic individuals" Clin Chim Acta (2001) 10.1016/s0009-8981(00)00414-9

[13]

Naresh "Day-to-day variability in spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio" Am J Kidney Dis (2013) 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.06.016

[14]

Tankeu "Exercise-induced albuminuria and circadian blood pressure abnormalities in type 2 diabetes" World J Nephrol (2017) 10.5527/wjn.v6.i4.209

[15]

Delanaye "An age-calibrated definition of chronic kidney disease: rationale and benefits" Clin Biochem Rev (2016)

[16]

Kramer "Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus" JAMA (2003) 10.1001/jama.289.24.3273

[17]

Inker "New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race" N Engl J Med (2021) 10.1056/nejmoa2102953

[18]

Miller "National Kidney Foundation Laboratory Engagement Working Group recommendations for implementing the CKD-EPI 2021 race-free equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate: practical guidance for clinical laboratories" Clin Chem (2022) 10.1093/clinchem/hvab278

[19]

Molitch "Development and progression of renal insufficiency with and without albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study" Diabetes Care (2010) 10.2337/dc09-1098

[20]

He "Diabetic retinopathy in predicting diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a meta-analysis" Diabetologia (2013) 10.1007/s00125-012-2796-6

[21]

Vistisen "Progressive decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with diabetes after moderate loss in kidney function-even without albuminuria" Diabetes Care (2019) 10.2337/dc19-0349

[22]

Levey "National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification" Ann Intern Med (2003) 10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013

[23]

Matzke "Drug dosing consideration in patients with acute and chronic kidney disease-a clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)" Kidney Int (2011) 10.1038/ki.2011.322

[24]

Coresh "Decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate and subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality" JAMA (2014) 10.1001/jama.2014.6634

[25]

Vassalotti "Practical approach to detection and management of chronic kidney disease for the primary care clinician" Am J Med (2016) 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.025

[26]

Zhou "A comparison of RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO, and Cys-C criteria for the definition of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients" Int Urol Nephrol (2016) 10.1007/s11255-015-1150-6

[27]

Hoste "Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury" Nat Rev Nephrol (2018) 10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0

[28]

James "A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with acute kidney injury" Am J Kidney Dis (2015) 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.02.338

[29]

Perkovic "Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy" N Engl J Med (2019) 10.1056/nejmoa1811744

[30]

Nadkarni "Acute kidney injury in patients on SGLT2 inhibitors: a propensity-matched analysis" Diabetes Care (2017) 10.2337/dc17-1011

[31]

Wanner "Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes" N Engl J Med (2016) 10.1056/nejmoa1515920

[32]

Neuen "Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin according to baseline kidney function" Circulation (2018) 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035901

[33]

Bakris "Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes" N Engl J Med (2020) 10.1056/nejmoa2025845

[34]

Thakar "Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus" Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2011) 10.2215/cjn.01120211

[35]

Bakris "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern?" Arch Intern Med (2000) 10.1001/archinte.160.5.685

[36]

Collard "Creatinine rise during blood pressure therapy and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus" Hypertension (2018) 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11944

[37]

Malhotra "Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on kidney tubule injury in CKD: a longitudinal subgroup analysis in SPRINT" Am J Kidney Dis (2019) 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.07.015

[38]

Hughes-Austin "The relation of serum potassium concentration with cardiovascular events and mortality in community-living individuals" Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2017) 10.2215/cjn.06290616

[39]

Bandak "Hyperkalemia after initiating renin-angiotensin system blockade: the Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) project" J Am Heart Assoc (2017) 10.1161/jaha.116.005428

[40]

Nilsson "Incidence and determinants of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in a large healthcare system" Int J Cardiol (2017) 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.035

[41]

Zelniker "Effect of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular outcomes according to baseline kidney function and albuminuria status in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial" JAMA Cardiol (2021) 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0660

[42]

Epstein "Evaluation of the treatment gap between clinical guidelines and the utilization of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors" Am J Manag Care (2015)

[43]

de Boer "Albuminuria changes and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study" Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2016) 10.2215/cjn.02870316

[44]

Sumida "Changes in albuminuria and subsequent risk of incident kidney disease" Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2017) 10.2215/cjn.02720317

[45]

Klahr "The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease" N Engl J Med (1994) 10.1056/nejm199403313301301

[46]

Mills "Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease" JAMA (2016) 10.1001/jama.2016.4447

[47]

Whelton "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" Hypertension (2018) 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000066

[48]

Murray "Is dietary protein intake predictive of 1-year mortality in dialysis patients?" Am J Med Sci (2018) 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.06.010

[49]

DCCT/EDIC Research Group "Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on albuminuria in type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study" Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2014) 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70155-x

[50]

de Boer "Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1 diabetes" N Engl J Med (2011) 10.1056/nejmoa1111732

Showing 50 of 120 references

Cited By

209

Optimal age, duration of diabetes and frequency of screening for diabetic nephropathy in children and youths with type 1 Diabetes: A systematic review

Stefano Passanisi, Claudia Piona · 2026

Diabetes Research and Clinical Prac...

Diabetic Kidney Disease Prevention in Type 2 Diabetes: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Study from Kyrgyzstan

Aiperi Asanbek kyzy, Aizhan Omorova · 2026

Central Asian Journal of Nephrology

MASLD, MASH, and the CKM Spectrum

Faiez Zannad, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan · 2026

Journal of the American College of...

PromarkerD Versus Standard of Care Biochemical Measures for Assessing Future Renal Function Decline in Type 2 Diabetes

Kirsten E. Peters, Isabella A. Joubert · 2025

Diagnostics

New Therapies for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

Andrew M Treihaft, Manish A Parikh · 2025

Cureus

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Diabetes and Beyond: Mechanisms, Pleiotropic Benefits, and Clinical Use—Reviewing Protective Effects Exceeding Glycemic Control

Julia Hanke, Katarzyna Romejko · 2025

Molecules

Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Predicting and Assessing the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy: Prediction Model Study

Yili Wen, Zhiqiang Wan · 2025

JMIR Medical Informatics

Unveiling the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches for diabetic nephropathy: insights from panvascular diseases

Xiaoqian Zhang, Jiaxi Zhang · 2024

Frontiers in Endocrinology

Finerenone in heart failure and chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: FINE-HEART pooled analysis of cardiovascular, kidney and mortality outcomes

Muthiah Vaduganathan, Gerasimos Filippatos · 2024

Nature Medicine

Kidney and cardiovascular-protective benefits of combination drug therapies in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes

Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Janice P. Lea · 2024

BMC Nephrology

Treatment strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in persons with chronic kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes

Faiez Zannad, Darren K. McGuire · 2024

Journal of Internal Medicine

Metrics

209

Citations

120

References

Details

Published: Dec 11, 2023
Vol/Issue: 47(Supplement_1)
Pages: S219-S230
License: View

Authors

Raveendhara R. Bannuru

Department of Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

Cite This Article

Nuha A. ElSayed, Grazia Aleppo, Raveendhara R. Bannuru, et al. (2023). 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Supplement_1), S219-S230. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-s011

11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024

You May Also Like