Systematization and contrasting features of penitentiary terminology in British and American English

The aim of the study is to identify and systematize the contrasting features of English-language penitentiary terminology, with a focus on a comparative analysis of its usage in the United States and the United Kingdom. The authors examine terms pertaining to institutional, personnel-related, procedural, legal, and status domains, revealing not only linguistic differences but also their connections to historical traditions, administrative models, and ideological frameworks underlying the two legal systems. Particular attention is given to the tendency toward euphemization in American terminology and the restrained, neutral lexical choices characteristic of the British model. Through key concepts – such as “jail/prison”, “life imprisonment”, and “capital punishment” – the study reveals that apparent terminological similarities often mask significant differences in enforcement practices, penal philosophies, and approaches to human rights. The scientific novelty of this work lies in in identifying conceptual discrepancies between the legal systems of the United Kingdom and the United States through the analysis of British and American variants of penitentiary terminology, wherein linguistic features are examined in close relation to the legal meaning of terms, their historical development, and national-cultural context. The results show that English-language penitentiary vocabulary reflects fundamental differences in the legal cultures of the United States and the United Kingdom. Externally similar words (e.g., prison, inmate) carry different ideological weights: the American tradition gravitates toward euphemisms and the rhetoric of rehabilitation (correctional facility, reintegration), whereas the British tradition maintains neutrality and historical continuity (prisoner, resettlement).