journal article Open Access Feb 03, 2024

Generic IoT for Smart Buildings and Field-Level Automation—Challenges, Threats, Approaches, and Solutions

Computers Vol. 13 No. 2 pp. 45 · MDPI AG
View at Publisher Save 10.3390/computers13020045
Abstract
Smart home and building systems are popular solutions that support maintaining comfort and safety and improve energy efficiency in buildings. However, dynamically developing distributed network technologies, in particular the Internet of Things (IoT), are increasingly entering the above-mentioned application areas of building automation, offering new functional possibilities. The result of these processes is the emergence of many different solutions that combine field-level and information and communications technology (ICT) networks in various configurations and architectures. New paradigms are also emerging, such as edge and fog computing, providing support for local monitoring and control networks in the implementation of advanced functions and algorithms, including machine learning and artificial intelligence mechanisms. This paper collects state-of-the-art information in these areas, providing a systematic review of the literature and case studies with an analysis of selected development trends. The author systematized this information in the context of the potential development of building automation systems. Based on the conclusions of this analysis and discussion, a framework for the development of the Generic IoT paradigm in smart home and building applications has been proposed, along with a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of its usability. Future works are proposed as well.
Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
141
[1]
Benotmane "A Review & Analysis of Current IoT Maturity & Readiness Models and Novel Proposal" Sci. Afr. (2023)
[2]
Khattak, S.B.A., Nasralla, M.M., Farman, H., and Choudhury, N. (2023). Performance Evaluation of an IEEE 802.15.4-Based Thread Network for Efficient Internet of Things Communications in Smart Cities. Appl. Sci., 13. 10.3390/app13137745
[3]
Ferrández-Pastor, F.-J., Mora, H., Jimeno-Morenilla, A., and Volckaert, B. (2018). Deployment of IoT Edge and Fog Computing Technologies to Develop Smart Building Services. Sustainability, 10. 10.3390/su10113832
[4]
Ali "Bringing Intelligence to IoT Edge: Machine Learning Based Smart City Image Classification Using Microsoft Azure IoT and Custom Vision" J. Phys. Conf. Ser. (2020) 10.1088/1742-6596/1529/4/042076
[5]
Taghizad-Tavana, K., Ghanbari-Ghalehjoughi, M., Razzaghi-Asl, N., Nojavan, S., and Alizadeh, A. (2022). An Overview of the Architecture of Home Energy Management System as Microgrids, Automation Systems, Communication Protocols, Security, and Cyber Challenges. Sustainability, 14. 10.3390/su142315938
[6]
Sharma, H., Haque, A., and Blaabjerg, F. (2021). Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: A Survey. Electronics, 10. 10.3390/electronics10091012
[7]
Wang "A Reliable IoT Edge Computing Trust Management Mechanism for Smart Cities" IEEE Access (2020) 10.1109/access.2020.2979022
[8]
(2020). Information Technology Home Electronic Systems (HES) Architecture—KNX (Standard No. ISO/IEC 14543-3-10:2020).
[9]
(2012). Information Technology Control Network Protocol—LonWorks (Standard No. ISO/IEC 14908-1:2012).
[10]
(2020). Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)—BACnet (Standard No. ISO 16484-6:2020).
[11]
Bovet "Will Web Technologies Impact on Building Automation Systems Architecture?" Procedia Comput. Sci. (2014) 10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.522
[12]
Ożadowicz, A. (2017). A New Concept of Active Demand Side Management for Energy Efficient Prosumer Microgrids with Smart Building Technologies. Energies, 10. 10.3390/en10111771
[13]
Schraven, M.H., Droste, K., Guarnieri Calò Carducci, C.G.C., Müller, D., and Monti, A. (2022). Open-Source Internet of Things Gateways for Building Automation Applications. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 11. 10.3390/jsan11040074
[14]
Froiz-Míguez, I., Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., and Castedo, L. (2018). Design, Implementation and Practical Evaluation of an IoT Home Automation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on MQTT and ZigBee-WiFi Sensor Nodes. Sensors, 18. 10.3390/s18082660
[15]
Petkov, N., and Naumov, A. (2022, January 6–8). Overview of Industrial Communication in Process Automation. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference Automatics and Informatics (ICAI), Varna, Bulgaria. 10.1109/icai55857.2022.9960067
[16]
Secgin, S. (2023). Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems, Wiley. 10.1002/9781394182343
[17]
Nof, S.Y. (2023). Springer Handbook of Automation, Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1
[18]
Kato, T., Ishikawa, N., and Yoshida, N. (2017, January 24–27). Distributed Autonomous Control of Home Appliances Based on Event Driven Architecture. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), Nagoya, Japan. 10.1109/gcce.2017.8229305
[19]
Graveto "Security of Building Automation and Control Systems: Survey and Future Research Directions" Comput. Secur. (2022) 10.1016/j.cose.2021.102527
[20]
Martirano, L., and Mitolo, M. (2020, January 9–12). Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS): A Review. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Madrid, Spain. 10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope49358.2020.9160662
[21]
Ożadowicz, A., and Grela, J. (2016, January 13–15). An Event-Driven Building Energy Management System Enabling Active Demand Side Management. Proceedings of the 2016 Second International Conference on Event-based Control, Communication, and Signal Processing (EBCCSP), Krakow, Poland. 10.1109/ebccsp.2016.7605082
[22]
Pirbhulal, S., Zhang, H., E Alahi, M., Ghayvat, H., Mukhopadhyay, S., Zhang, Y.-T., and Wu, W. (2016). A Novel Secure IoT-Based Smart Home Automation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors, 17. 10.3390/s17010069
[23]
Ożadowicz, A. (2023). Technical, Qualitative and Energy Analysis of Wireless Control Modules for Distributed Smart Home Systems. Future Internet, 15. 10.3390/fi15090316
[24]
Prakosa "Miniature SmartHome Dengan Sonoff" J. Ris. Rumpun Ilmu Tek. (2023)
[25]
Yang, H., Kim, B., Lee, J., Ahn, Y., and Lee, C. (2018). Advanced Wireless Sensor Networks for Sustainable Buildings Using Building Ducts. Sustainability, 10. 10.3390/su10082628
[26]
Anush, K.S., Sasikala, S., Arun, K.S., Arunan, R., and Asfaq, M.A. (2023, January 16–17). Enhanced and Secured Smart Home Using Z-Wave Technology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation, ICAECA 2023, Coimbatore, India.
[27]
Kazeem "Comparative Study of Communication Interfaces for Sensors and Actuators in the Cloud of Internet of Things" Int. J. Internet Things (2017)
[28]
Wang "Zigbee Light Link and Its Applicationss" IEEE Wirel. Commun. (2013) 10.1109/mwc.2013.6590043
[29]
Rohini "Z-Wave Based Zoning Sensor for Smart Thermostats" Indian J. Sci. Technol. (2015) 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i20/79081
[30]
Ali, A.I., Partal, S.Z., Kepke, S., and Partal, H.P. (2019, January 12–15). ZigBee and LoRa Based Wireless Sensors for Smart Environment and IoT Applications. Proceedings of the 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Nevsehir, Turkey. 10.1109/gpecom.2019.8778505
[31]
Yassein, M.B., Mardini, W., and Khalil, A. (2016, January 22–24). Smart Homes Automation Using Z-Wave Protocol. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS), Agadir, Morocco. 10.1109/icemis.2016.7745306
[32]
Filippoupolitis, A., Oliff, W., and Loukas, G. (2016, January 14–16). Bluetooth Low Energy Based Occupancy Detection for Emergency Management. Proceedings of the 2016 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications and 2016 International Symposium on Cyberspace and Security (IUCC-CSS), Granada, Spain. 10.1109/iucc-css.2016.013
[33]
Zhuang, Y., Yang, J., Li, Y., Qi, L., and El-Sheimy, N. (2016). Smartphone-Based Indoor Localization with Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons. Sensors, 16. 10.3390/s16050596
[34]
Collotta "A Solution Based on Bluetooth Low Energy for Smart Home Energy Management" Energies (2015) 10.3390/en81011916
[35]
Tekler "Plug-Mate: An IoT-Based Occupancy-Driven Plug Load Management System in Smart Buildings" Build. Environ. (2022) 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109472
[36]
Balaji, B., Xu, J., Nwokafor, A., Gupta, R., and Agarwal, Y. (2013, January 11–15). Sentinel: Occupancy Based HVAC Actuation Using Existing WiFi Infrastructure within Commercial Buildings. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Roma, Italy. 10.1145/2517351.2517370
[37]
Tekler "Enhancing Personalised Thermal Comfort Models with Active Learning for Improved HVAC Controls" J. Phys. Conf. Ser. (2023) 10.1088/1742-6596/2600/13/132004
[38]
Singhai "An Investigation of Various Security and Privacy Issues in Internet of Things" Mater. Today Proc. (2023) 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.259
[39]
Nasir "Enabling Automation and Edge Intelligence over Resource Constraint IoT Devices for Smart Home" Neurocomputing (2022) 10.1016/j.neucom.2021.04.138
[40]
Lăcătușu, F., Ionita, A.D., Lăcătușu, M., and Olteanu, A. (2022). Performance Evaluation of Information Gathering from Edge Devices in a Complex of Smart Buildings. Sensors, 22. 10.3390/s22031002
[41]
Babar, M., Grela, J., Ożadowicz, A., Nguyen, P., Hanzelka, Z., and Kamphuis, I. (2018). Energy Flexometer: Transactive Energy-Based Internet of Things Technology. Energies, 11. 10.3390/en11030568
[42]
Faqiry, M., Edmonds, L., Zhang, H., Khodaei, A., and Wu, H. (2017). Transactive-Market-Based Operation of Distributed Electrical Energy Storage with Grid Constraints. Energies, 10. 10.3390/en10111891
[43]
Pratt "Transactive Home Energy Management Systems: The Impact of Their Proliferation on the Electric Grid" IEEE Electrif. Mag. (2016) 10.1109/mele.2016.2614188
[44]
Ożadowicz, A. (2022). A Hybrid Approach in Design of Building Energy Management System with Smart Readiness Indicator and Building as a Service Concept. Energies, 15. 10.3390/en15041432
[45]
Laroui "Edge and Fog Computing for IoT: A Survey on Current Research Activities & Future Directions" Comput. Commun. (2021) 10.1016/j.comcom.2021.09.003
[46]
Yousefpour "All One Needs to Know about Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing Paradigms: A Complete Survey" J. Syst. Archit. (2019) 10.1016/j.sysarc.2019.02.009
[47]
Huang "Building Edge Intelligence for Online Activity Recognition in Service-Oriented IoT Systems" Future Gener. Comput. Syst. (2018) 10.1016/j.future.2018.03.003
[48]
Filho "A Fog-Enabled Smart Home Solution for Decision-Making Using Smart Objects" Future Gener. Comput. Syst. (2020) 10.1016/j.future.2019.09.045
[49]
Di Martino, B., Li, K.-C., Yang, L., and Esposito, A. (2018). Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives, Springer. 10.1007/978-981-10-5861-5
[50]
Alnajar "Tactile Internet of Federated Things: Toward Fine-Grained Design of FL-Based Architecture to Meet TIoT Demands" Comput. Netw. (2023) 10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109712

Showing 50 of 141 references

Metrics
27
Citations
141
References
Details
Published
Feb 03, 2024
Vol/Issue
13(2)
Pages
45
License
View
Cite This Article
Andrzej Ożadowicz (2024). Generic IoT for Smart Buildings and Field-Level Automation—Challenges, Threats, Approaches, and Solutions. Computers, 13(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020045
Related

You May Also Like