Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways

Padmini Pandey; Dong-Won Kang

doi:10.3390/electronics14163171

journal article Open Access Aug 08, 2025

Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways

Padmini Pandey

Dong-Won Kang

Electronics Vol. 14 No. 16 pp. 3171 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/electronics14163171

Abstract

Inorganic halide perovskites have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications, owing to their enhanced thermal and chemical stability relative to hybrid perovskite materials. This review synthesizes recent progress in vapor-phase deposition methodologies, such as co-evaporation, close space sublimation (CSS), continuous flash sublimation (CFS), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which enable the precise modulation of film composition and morphology. Advances in material systems, including the stabilization of CsPbI2Br, the introduction of tin-doped phases, and the investigation of lead-free double perovskites like Cs2AgSbI6 and Cs2AgBiCl6, are critically evaluated with respect to their impact on device performance. The incorporation of these materials into photovoltaic devices and tandem configurations is explored, with particular emphasis on improvements in power conversion efficiency and operational durability. Furthermore, interface engineering approaches tailored to vacuum-deposited films—such as defect passivation and energy-level alignment—are examined in detail. The potential for scalable manufacturing is assessed through simulation analyses, throughput modeling, and pilot-scale demonstrations, underscoring the feasibility of industrial-scale production. By offering a comprehensive overview of these advancements, this review provides valuable perspectives on the current landscape and prospective trajectories of vapor-deposited inorganic perovskite technologies.

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Citations

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References

Details

Published: Aug 08, 2025
Vol/Issue: 14(16)
Pages: 3171
License: View

Authors

P

Padmini Pandey

School of Energy Systems Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea

D

Dong-Won Kang

School of Energy Systems Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) Award: NRF-RS-2023-00212744

Chung-Ang University Research Grants Award: NRF-RS-2023-00212744

Cite This Article

Padmini Pandey, Dong-Won Kang (2025). Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways. Electronics, 14(16), 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163171

Vapor-Deposited Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells from Fundamentals to Scalable Commercial Pathways

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