Antimicrobial Peptides: Current Status, Mechanisms of Action, and Strategies to Overcome Therapeutic Limitations

Seong Hwan Kim; Yu-Hong Min; Min Chul Park

doi:10.3390/microorganisms13112574

journal article Open Access Nov 12, 2025

Antimicrobial Peptides: Current Status, Mechanisms of Action, and Strategies to Overcome Therapeutic Limitations

Seong Hwan Kim

Yu-Hong Min

Min Chul Park

Microorganisms Vol. 13 No. 11 pp. 2574 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/microorganisms13112574

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), evolutionarily conserved components of the immune system, have attracted considerable attention as promising therapeutic candidates. Derived from diverse organisms, AMPs represent a heterogeneous class of molecules, typically cationic, which facilitates their initial electrostatic interaction with anionic microbial membranes. Unlike conventional single-target antibiotics, AMPs utilize rapid, multi-target mechanisms, primarily physical membrane disruption, which results in a significantly lower incidence of resistance emergence. Their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, capacity to modulate host immunity, and unique mechanisms of action make them inherently less susceptible to resistance compared with traditional antibiotics. Despite these advantages, the clinical translation of natural AMPs remains limited by several challenges, including poor in vivo stability, and potential cytotoxicity. Bioengineering technology offers innovative solutions to these limitations of AMPs. Two techniques have demonstrated promise: (i) a chimeric recombinant of AMPs with stable scaffold, such as human serum albumin and antibody Fc domain and (ii) chemical modification approaches, such as lipidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AMPs, highlighting their origins, structures, and mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, followed by recent advances in bioengineering platforms designed to overcome their therapeutic limitations. By integrating natural AMPs with bioengineering and nanotechnologies, AMPs may be developed into next-generation antibiotics.

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Details

Published: Nov 12, 2025
Vol/Issue: 13(11)
Pages: 2574
License: View

Authors

S

Seong Hwan Kim

Department of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea

Y

Yu-Hong Min

College of K-Bio Health, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea

M

Min Chul Park

Department of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea

Ministry of Education Award: 2022R1F1A1074456

Cite This Article

Seong Hwan Kim, Yu-Hong Min, Min Chul Park (2025). Antimicrobial Peptides: Current Status, Mechanisms of Action, and Strategies to Overcome Therapeutic Limitations. Microorganisms, 13(11), 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112574

Antimicrobial Peptides: Current Status, Mechanisms of Action, and Strategies to Overcome Therapeutic Limitations

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