Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review

Sarah L. Jenner; Georgina L. Buckley; Regina Belski; Brooke L. Devlin; Adrienne K. Forsyth

doi:10.3390/nu11051160

journal article Open Access May 23, 2019

Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review

Sarah L. Jenner

Georgina L. Buckley

Regina Belski Brooke L. Devlin

Adrienne K. Forsyth

Nutrients Vol. 11 No. 5 pp. 1160 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/nu11051160

Abstract

Background: to develop sport-specific and effective dietary advice, it is important to understand the dietary intakes of team sport athletes. This systematic literature review aims to (1) assess the dietary intakes of professional and semi-professional team sport athletes and (2) to identify priority areas for dietetic intervention. Methods: an extensive search of MEDLINE, Sports DISCUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in April–May 2018 was conducted and identified 646 studies. Included studies recruited team sport, competitive (i.e., professional or semi-professional) athletes over the age of 18 years. An assessment of dietary intake in studies was required and due to the variability of data (i.e., nutrient and food group data) a meta-analysis was not undertaken. Two independent authors extracted data using a standardised process. Results: 21 (n = 511) studies that assessed dietary intake of team sport athletes met the inclusion criteria. Most reported that professional and semi-professional athletes’ dietary intakes met or exceeded recommendations during training and competition for protein and/or fat, but not energy and carbohydrate. Limitations in articles include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of data and existence of underreporting. Conclusions: this review highlights the need for sport-specific dietary recommendations that focus on energy and carbohydrate intake. Further exploration of factors influencing athletes’ dietary intakes including why athletes’ dietary intakes do not meet energy and/or carbohydrate recommendations is required.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

62

[1]

Holway "Sport-specific nutrition: Practical strategies for team sports" J. Sports Sci. (2011) 10.1080/02640414.2011.605459

[2]

Tooley "Estimates of energy intake and expenditure in professional rugby league players" Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. (2015) 10.1260/1747-9541.10.2-3.551

[3]

Jenner "Dietary intake of professional Australian football athletes surrounding body composition assessment" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2018) 10.1186/s12970-018-0248-5

[4]

Rodriguez "Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance" J. Am. Diet. Assoc. (2009) 10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005

[5]

Potgieter "Sport nutrition: A review of the latest guidelines for exercise and sport nutrition from the American college of sport nutrition, the International Olympic Committee and the international society for sports nutrition" S. Afr. J. Clin. Nutr. (2013)

[6]

Kerksick "International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2017) 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4

[7]

Aragon "International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2017) 10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y

[8]

Mountjoy "International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2018) 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136

[9]

International Olympic Committee (2010). IOC consensus statement on sports nutrition 2010. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 1003.

[10]

Bradley "Quantification of training load, energy intake, and physiological adaptations during a rugby preseason: A case study from an elite european rugby union squad" J. Strength Cond. Res. (2015) 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000631

[11]

Kerksick "ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2018) 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y

[12]

Burke "Carbohydrates for training and competition" J. Sports Sci. (2011) 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473

[13]

Thomas "American college of sports medicine joint position statement. nutrition and athletic performance" Med. Sci. Sports Exerc (2016)

[14]

Kreider "International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine" J. Int. Soc. Sport Nutr. (2017) 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z

[15]

Wilson "International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)" J. Int. Soc. Sport Nutr. (2013) 10.1186/1550-2783-10-6

[16]

Campbell "International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2013) 10.1186/1550-2783-10-1

[17]

Maughan "IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2018) 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020

[18]

Bergeron "International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes" Br. J. Sports Med. (2012) 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091296

[19]

Trexler "International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr (2015) 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y

[20]

Kerksick "International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and exercise" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2017) 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4

[21]

Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016). Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res., 77, 54. 10.3148/cjdpr-2015-047

[22]

Kreider "ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: Research & recommendations" J. Int. Soc. of Sports Nutr. (2010) 10.1186/1550-2783-7-7

[23]

Anderson "Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2017) 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0259

[24]

Bettonviel "Nutritional Status and Daytime Pattern of Protein Intake on Match, Post-Match, Rest and Training Days in Senior Professional and Youth Elite Soccer Players" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2016) 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0218

[25]

Andrews "Room for improvement in nutrition knowledge and dietary intake of male football (Soccer) players in Australia" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2016) 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0064

[26]

Bilsborough "Changes in anthropometry, upper-body strength, and nutrient intake in professional Australian football players during a season" Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. (2016) 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0447

[27]

Bradley "Energy intake and expenditure assessed ‘in-season’ in an elite European rugby union squad" Eur. J. Sport Sci. (2015) 10.1080/17461391.2015.1042528

[28]

Conejos "Energy and nutritional intakes in training days of soccer players according to their playing positions" Arch. Med. Deporte (2011)

[29]

Grams, L., Garrido, G., Villacieros, J., and Ferro, A. (2016). Marginal Micronutrient Intake in High-Performance Male Wheelchair Basketball Players: A Dietary Evaluation and the Effects of Nutritional Advice. PLoS ONE, 11. 10.1371/journal.pone.0157931

[30]

Gravina "Influence of nutrient intake on antioxidant capacity, muscle damage and white blood cell count in female soccer players" J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. (2012) 10.1186/1550-2783-9-32

[31]

"Nutritional intake and nutritional status in elite Mexican teenagers soccer players of different ages" Nutr. Hosp. (2015)

[32]

Kirwan "Dietary, anthropometric, blood-lipid, and performance patterns of American college football players during 8 weeks of training" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2012) 10.1123/ijsnem.22.6.444

[33]

MacKenzie "The measurement and interpretation of dietary protein distribution during a rugby preseason" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2015) 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0168

[34]

Ono "Nutrition and culture in professional football. A mixed method approach" Appetite (2012) 10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.007

[35]

Potgieter "Body composition and habitual and match-day dietary intake of the FNB Maties Varsity Cup rugby players.(ORIGINAL RESEARCH)" S. Afr. J. Sports Med. (2014) 10.7196/sajsm.504

[36]

Molina "Implementation of a nutrition education program in a handball team; consequences on nutritional status" Nutr. Hosp. (2013)

[37]

Raizel "Pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players" Nutr. Health (2017) 10.1177/0260106017737014

[38]

Valliant "Nutrition Education by a Registered Dietitian Improves Dietary Intake and Nutrition Knowledge of a NCAA Female Volleyball Team" Nutrients (2012) 10.3390/nu4060506

[39]

Vermeulen, T. (2017). Seven Day Dietary Intakes of Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players. [Master’s Thesis, The University of Guelph].

[40]

(2018, September 24). International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Available online: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=105168.

[41]

Moher "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement" Ann. Intern. Med. (2009) 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135

[42]

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018, September 18). Evidence Analysis Manual. Available online: https://www.andeal.org/vault/2440/web/files/2016_April_EA_Manual.pdf.

[43]

Devlin "Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Nutrition Knowledge of Australian Football and Soccer Players: Implications for Sports Nutrition Professionals in Practice" Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. (2017) 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0191

[44]

Maughan "Practical Nutritional Recommendations for the Athlete" Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. (2011) 10.1159/000329292

[45]

Lemon "Protein requirements of soccer" J. Sports Sci. (1994) 10.1080/02640414.1994.12059274

[46]

Hernandez "Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, suplementos alimentares e drogas: comprovação de ação ergogênica e potenciais riscos para a saúde" Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte (2009)

[47]

Mettler "Increased Protein Intake Reduces Lean Body Mass Loss during Weight Loss in Athletes" Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. (2010) 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b2ef8e

[48]

Tipton "Protein and amino acids for athletes" J. Sports Sci. (2004) 10.1080/0264041031000140554

[49]

Bishop "Nutritional Aspects of Immunosuppression in Athletes" Sports Med. (1999) 10.2165/00007256-199928030-00002

[50]

American College of Sports Medicine author issuing body (2018). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Wolters Kluwer Health. [10th ed.].

Showing 50 of 62 references

Cited By

118

Navigating sports nutrition: athlete and coach experiences from a 16-week personalized intervention

Kalani Weerasinghe, Ranil Jayawardena · 2025

Nutrition & Metabolism

Seasonal health tracking of Australian Football League Women’s athletes

Chloe J. Otte, Evangeline Mantzioris · 2023

Science and Medicine in Football

Energy availability and macronutrient intake in elite male Gaelic football players

Amy McGuire, Giles Warrington · 2022

Science and Medicine in Football

Dietary Intake, Body Composition and Performance of Professional Football Athletes in Slovenia

Matjaž Macuh, Jana Levec · 2022

Nutrients

Dietary Intake over a 7-Day Training and Game Period in Female Varsity Rugby Union Players

Claire Traversa, Danielle L. E. Nyman · 2022

Nutrients

Contributing Factors to Low Energy Availability in Female Athletes: A Narrative Review of Energy Availability, Training Demands, Nutrition Barriers, Body Image, and Disordered Eating

Andrew R. Jagim, Jennifer Fields · 2022

Nutrients

Metrics

118

Citations

62

References

Details

Published: May 23, 2019
Vol/Issue: 11(5)
Pages: 1160
License: View

Authors

S

Sarah L. Jenner

Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia; Carlton Football Club, Ikon Park, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia

G

Georgina L. Buckley

School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

R

Regina Belski

School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

B

Brooke L. Devlin

Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia

A

Adrienne K. Forsyth

Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia

Cite This Article

Sarah L. Jenner, Georgina L. Buckley, Regina Belski, et al. (2019). Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients, 11(5), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051160

Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations—A Systematic Literature Review

You May Also Like