Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy

Uwe Gröber; Joachim Schmidt; Klaus Kisters

doi:10.3390/nu7095388

journal article Open Access Sep 23, 2015

Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy

Uwe Gröber Joachim Schmidt Klaus Kisters

Nutrients Vol. 7 No. 9 pp. 8199-8226 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/nu7095388

Abstract

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It has been recognized as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions, where it is crucial for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism. Magnesium is required for DNA and RNA synthesis, reproduction, and protein synthesis. Moreover, magnesium is essential for the regulation of muscular contraction, blood pressure, insulin metabolism, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, nerve transmission and neuromuscular conduction. Imbalances in magnesium status—primarily hypomagnesemia as it is seen more common than hypermagnesemia—might result in unwanted neuromuscular, cardiac or nervous disorders. Based on magnesium’s many functions within the human body, it plays an important role in prevention and treatment of many diseases. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (e.g., stroke), migraine headaches, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

149

[1]

Cotton, F.A., and Wilkinson, G. (1967). Anorganische Chemie, Chemie GmbH.

[2]

Weast, R.C. (1987). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press.

[3]

Hollemann, A.F., and Wiberg, E. (1964). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783112312889

[4]

Bodaker "Comparative community genomics in the Dead Sea: An increasingly extreme environment" ISME J. (2010) 10.1038/ismej.2009.141

[5]

Song "Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. Women" Diabetes Care (2005) 10.2337/diacare.28.6.1438

[6]

Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine (IOM) (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, National Academies Press.

[7]

Gröber, U. (2009). Micronutrients: Metabolic Tuning-Prevention-Therapy, MedPharm Scientific Publishers. [1st ed.]. 10.1515/dmdi.2009.24.2-4.331

[8]

Coates, P.M., and Betz, J.M. (2010). Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, Informa Healthcare. [2nd ed.]. 10.1201/b14669

[9]

Ross, A.C., Caballero, B., Cousins, R.J., Tucker, K.L., and Ziegler, T.R. (2012). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [11th ed.].

[10]

Swaminathan "Magnesium metabolism and its disorders" Clin. Biochem. Rev. (2003)

[11]

Castiglioni "Magnesium and osteoporosis: Current state of knowledge and future research directions" Nutrients (2013) 10.3390/nu5083022

[12]

Classen "The clinical importance of magnesium. 2. The indications for supplementation and therapy" Fortschr. Med. (1990)

[13]

Kisters "Störungen des Magnesiumhaushaltes" Internist (1998) 10.1007/s001080050249

[14]

Seelig "Magnesium requirements in human nutrition" J. Med. Soc. N. J. (1982)

[15]

Ketteler "Magnesium basics" Clin. Kidney J. (2012) 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163

[16]

Ismail "The underestimated problem of using serum magnesium measurements to exclude magnesium deficiency in adults; a health warning is needed for “normal” results" Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (2010) 10.1515/cclm.2010.077

[17]

Barbagallo "The significance of magnesium in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes—Recommendations of the Association of Magnesium Research e.V" Diabetol. Stoffwechs. (2014)

[18]

Vormann "Update: Magnesium und Diabetes" OM—Z. Orthomol. Med. (2014)

[19]

"Correlation of magnesium deficiency with C-reactive protein in elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for ischemic heart disease" Medicina (Kaunas) (2015) 10.1016/j.medici.2015.03.003

[20]

Moshfegh, A., Goldman, J., Ahuja, J., Rhodes, D., and LaComb, R. (2009). What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005–2006: Usual Nutrient Intakes from Food and Water Compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

[21]

Nationale Verzehrsstudie II. Available online: http://www.was-esse-ich.de/uploads/media/NVSII_Abschlussbericht_Teil_2.pdf.

[22]

Shah "Short-term magnesium deficiency downregulates telomerase, upregulates neutral sphingomyelinase and induces oxidative DNA damage in cardiovascular tissues: relevance to atherogenesis, cardiovascular diseases and aging" Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. (2014)

[23]

Ma "Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: The ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study" J. Clin. Epidemiol. (1995) 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00200-a

[24]

Altura "Introduction: importance of Mg in physiology and medicine and the need for ion selective electrodes" Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl. (1994) 10.1080/00365519409095206

[25]

Marx "Magnesium in drinking water and ischemic heart disease" Epidemiol. Rev. (1997) 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017957

[26]

Magnesium, Available online: http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/food-composition/vitamins-and-minerals/magnesium.

[27]

Nielsen "Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease" Nutr Rev. (2010) 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00293.x

[28]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0506/usual_nutrient_intake_vitD_ca_phos_mg_2005-06.pdf.

[29]

Chiuve "Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women" Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2011) 10.3945/ajcn.110.002253

[30]

Larsson "Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of prospective studies" Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2012) 10.3945/ajcn.111.022376

[31]

Durlach "Magnesium depletion and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease" Magnes. Res. (1990)

[32]

Rosanoff "Oral magnesium supplements decrease high blood pressure (SBP > 155 mm Hg) in hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive medications: A targeted meta-analysis" Magnes. Res. (2013) 10.1684/mrh.2013.0343

[33]

Barbagallo "Magnesium homeostasis and aging" Magnes. Res. (2009) 10.1684/mrh.2009.0187

[34]

Palmer "Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus" N. Engl. J. Med. (2015) 10.1056/nejmra1503102

[35]

Graham "Gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of Mg 28 in man" Metabolism (1960)

[36]

Saris "Magnesium: An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects" Clin. Chim. Acta (2000) 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00258-2

[37]

Jeroen "Regulation of magnesium balance: Lessons learned from human genetic disease" Clin. Kidney J. (2012) 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr164

[38]

Quamme "Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption" Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. (2008) 10.1097/mog.0b013e3282f37b59

[39]

Amasheh "Claudins of intestine and nephron—A correlation of molecular tight junction structure and barrier function" Acta. Physiol. (Oxf). (2011) 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02148.x

[40]

Touyz "Magnesium in clinical medicine" Front. Biosci. (2004) 10.2741/1316

[41]

Bindels "Mg2+ homeostasis: The balancing act of TRPM6" Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. (2014) 10.1097/01.mnh.0000447023.59346.ab

[42]

Tokmak "Buffer function of the cell membrane for magnesium in chronic kidney disease" Trace Elem. Electrol. (2008)

[43]

Zittermann "Magnesium deficit? Overlooked cause of low vitamin D status?" BMC Med. (2013) 10.1186/1741-7015-11-229

[44]

Den "Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: Results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III" BMC Med. (2013) 10.1186/1741-7015-11-187

[45]

Groenestege "The epithelial Mg2+ channel transient receptor potential melastatin 6 is regulated by dietary Mg2+ content and estrogens" J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2006) 10.1681/asn.2005070700

[46]

Anast "Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1976) 10.1210/jcem-42-4-707

[47]

Kancheva "The relationship between magnesium and calciotrophic hormones" Magnes. Res. (1995)

[48]

Tibbetts "Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. III. In exophthalmic goiter, basophilic adenoma, Addison’s disease and steatorrhea" J. Clin. Investig. (1937) 10.1172/jci100876

[49]

Gao "Spironolactone reduced arrhythmia and maintained magnesium homeostasis in patients with congestive heart failure" J. Card. Fail. (2007) 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.11.015

[50]

Gibson, R.S. (2005). Principles of Nutritional Assessment, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.]. 10.1093/oso/9780195171693.001.0001

Showing 50 of 149 references

Cited By

789

Valorization of cloudberry: a review of chemical composition, bioactivities, processing methods, and nutraceutical potential

Polina Lopukhina, Fangfang Duan · 2026

Trends in Food Science & Techno...

Effects of Magnesium Coadministration on Thyroid Function and Autoantibody Titers in Euthyroid Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Emre Urhan · 2026

Cumhuriyet Medical Journal

Stimulation of articular cartilage repair by exploiting biologically active mineral ions: A discussion of the state of the art