journal article Open Access Jun 07, 2021

Therapeutic Potential of Glycosyl Flavonoids as Anti-Coronaviral Agents

Pharmaceuticals Vol. 14 No. 6 pp. 546 · MDPI AG
View at Publisher Save 10.3390/ph14060546
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread all over the world, creating a devastating socio-economic impact. Even though protective vaccines are starting to be administered, an effective antiviral agent for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is not available yet. Moreover, since new and deadly CoVs can emerge at any time with the potential of becoming pandemics, the development of therapeutic agents against potentially deadly CoVs is a research area of much current interest. In the search for anti-coronaviral drugs, researchers soon turned their heads towards glycosylated flavonoids. Glycosyl flavonoids, widespread in the plant kingdom, have received a lot of attention due to their widely recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties together with their capacity to modulate key cellular functions. The wide range of biological activities displayed by glycosyl flavonoids, along with their low toxicity, make them ideal candidates for drug development. In this review, we examine and discuss the up-to-date developments on glycosyl flavonoids as evidence-based natural sources of antivirals against coronaviruses and their potential role in the management of COVID-19.
Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
125
[1]
Sun "Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence" J. Med. Virol. (2020) 10.1002/jmv.25722
[2]
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Daniel Wrapp, Nianshuang Wang, Kizzmekia S. Corbett et al.

Science 2020 10.1126/science.abb2507
[3]
Xiao "Advance on the Flavonoid C-glycosides and Health Benefits" Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2016) 10.1080/10408398.2015.1067595
[4]
Forkmann "Metabolic engineering and applications of flavonoids" Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (2001) 10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00192-0
[5]
Ferreyra "Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications" Front. Plant Sci. (2012)
[6]
Courts "The Occurrence, Fate and Biological Activities of C-glycosyl Flavonoids in the Human Diet" Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2015) 10.1080/10408398.2012.694497
[7]
Cytotoxicity of dietary flavonoids on different human cancer types

Katrin Sak

Pharmacognosy Reviews 2014 10.4103/0973-7847.134247
[8]
Xiao "Dietary Flavonoid Aglycones and Their Glycosides: Which Show Better Biological Significance?" Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2015)
[9]
Flavonoids as Antioxidants

Pier-Giorgio Pietta

Journal of Natural Products 2000 10.1021/np9904509
[10]
"Flavonoid Antioxidants" Curr. Med. Chem. (2001) 10.2174/0929867013373011
[11]
Ribeiro "Modulation of human neutrophils’ oxidative burst by flavonoids" Eur. J. Med. Chem. (2013) 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.019
[12]
Maleki "Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids" Food Chem. (2019) 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125124
[13]
Nabavi "Neuroprotective effects of chrysin: From chemistry to medicine" Neurochem. Int. (2015) 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.006
[14]
Nakajima, A., and Ohizumi, Y. (2019). Potential Benefits of Nobiletin, A Citrus Flavonoid, against Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20. 10.3390/ijms20143380
[15]
Batra "Anti-cancer potential of flavonoids: Recent trends and future perspectives" 3 Biotech (2013) 10.1007/s13205-013-0117-5
[16]
Abotaleb, M., Samuel, S.M., Varghese, E., Varghese, S., Kubatka, P., Líšková, A., and Büsselberg, D. (2018). Flavonoids in Cancer and Apoptosis. Cancers, 11. 10.3390/cancers11010028
[17]
Freitas "Evaluation of a flavonoids library for inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase towards a structure–activity relationship" J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. (2019) 10.1080/14756366.2018.1558221
[18]
Ahmad "Therapeutic potential of flavonoids and their mechanism of action against microbial and viral infections—A review" Food Res. Int. (2015) 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.021
[19]
Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections

Hovakim Zakaryan, Erik Arabyan, Adrian Oo et al.

Archiv f�r die gesamte Virusforschung 2017 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y
[20]
Zou "Structure-activity relationship of flavonoid bifunctional inhibitors against Zika virus infection" Biochem. Pharmacol. (2020) 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113962
[21]
Rengasamy "The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates" Pharmacol. Ther. (2019) 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.009
[22]
Zheng "SARS-CoV-2: An Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat" Int. J. Biol. Sci. (2020) 10.7150/ijbs.45053
[23]
Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

Jie Cui, Fang Li, Zheng-Li Shi

Nature Reviews Microbiology 2019 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
[24]
Wang "SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development" Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. (2020) 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269
[25]
Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis

Stanley Perlman, Jason Netland

Nature Reviews Microbiology 2009 10.1038/nrmicro2147
[26]
Coronavirus Diversity, Phylogeny and Interspecies Jumping

Patrick C. Y. Woo, Susanna K. P. Lau, Yi Huang et al.

Experimental Biology and Medicine 2009 10.3181/0903-mr-94
[27]
Rates of evolutionary change in viruses: patterns and determinants

Siobain Duffy, Laura A. Shackelton, Edward C. Holmes

Nature Reviews Genetics 2008 10.1038/nrg2323
[28]
Harrison "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis" Trends Immunol. (2020) 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
[29]
Kochi "Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19" J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (2020) 10.1111/jce.14479
[30]
Berger "COVID-19 and the nervous system" J. Neurovirol. (2020) 10.1007/s13365-020-00840-5
[31]
Hess "COVID-19-Related Stroke" Transl. Stroke Res. (2020) 10.1007/s12975-020-00818-9
[32]
Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike

Yasunori Watanabe, Joel D. Allen, Daniel Wrapp et al.

Science 2020 10.1126/science.abb9983
[33]
Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls, Young-Jun Park, M. Alejandra Tortorici et al.

Cell 2020 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
[34]
Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2

Qihui Wang, Yanfang Zhang, Lili Wu et al.

Cell 2020 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.045
[35]
Williams "α-Glucosidase inhibitors as host-directed antiviral agents with potential for the treatment of COVID-19" Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2020) 10.1042/bst20200505
[36]
Shang "Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2" Nat. Cell Biol. (2020)
[37]
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

Jun Lan, Jiwan Ge, Jinfang Yu et al.

Nature 2020 10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
[38]
Zhao "Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor" Cell Host Microbe (2020) 10.1016/j.chom.2020.08.004
[39]
Konwar "Advances in developing small molecule SARS 3CLpro inhibitors as potential remedy for corona virus infection" Tetrahedron (2021) 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131761
[40]
Mouffouk "Flavonols as potential antiviral drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteases (3CLpro and PLpro), spike protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor (ACE2)" Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2021) 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173759
[41]
Li, Q., and Kang, C. (2020). Progress in Developing Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like Protease. Microorganisms, 8. 10.3390/microorganisms8081250
[42]
Xu, J., Zhao, S., Teng, T., Abdalla, A., Zhu, W., Xie, L., Wang, Y., and Guo, X. (2020). Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses, 12. 10.3390/v12020244
[43]
Abdusalam "Identification of Potential Inhibitors of 3CL Protease of SARS-CoV-2 From ZINC Database by Molecular Docking-Based Virtual Screening" Front. Mol. Biosci. (2020) 10.3389/fmolb.2020.603037
[44]
Kuo "Kinetic Characterization and Inhibitor Screening for the Proteases Leading to Identification of Drugs against SARS-CoV-2" Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2021) 10.1128/aac.02577-20
[45]
Freitas "Characterization and Noncovalent Inhibition of the Deubiquitinase and deISGylase Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease" ACS Infect. Dis. (2020) 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00168
[46]
Adhikari, N., Baidya, S.K., Saha, A., and Jha, T. (2017). Structural Insight into the Viral 3C-Like Protease Inhibitors: Comparative SAR/QSAR Approaches. Viral Proteases and Their Inhibitors, Elsevier BV. 10.1016/b978-0-12-809712-0.00011-3
[47]
Dai "Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease" Science (2020) 10.1126/science.abb4489
[48]
The SARS-CoV-2 main protease as drug target

Sven Ullrich, Christoph Nitsche

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2020 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127377
[49]
Yang, H., Xie, W., Xue, X., Yang, K., Ma, J., Liang, W., Zhao, Q., Zhou, Z., Pei, D., and Ziebuhr, J. (2005). Design of Wide-Spectrum Inhibitors Targeting Coronavirus Main Proteases. PLoS Biol., 3. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030428
[50]
The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: Structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds

Yahira M. Baez-Santos, Sarah E. St. John, Andrew D. Mesecar

Antiviral Research 2015 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015

Showing 50 of 125 references

Metrics
28
Citations
125
References
Details
Published
Jun 07, 2021
Vol/Issue
14(6)
Pages
546
License
View
Funding
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Award: UIDB/50006/2020
Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España Award: PID2019-109253RB-I00
Fundación para el Fomento en Asturias de la Investigación Científica Aplicada y la Tecnología Award: IDI/2018/000181
Cite This Article
Patrícia I. C. Godinho, Raquel G. Soengas, Vera L. M. Silva (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Glycosyl Flavonoids as Anti-Coronaviral Agents. Pharmaceuticals, 14(6), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14060546
Related

You May Also Like

Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria

Filomena Nazzaro, Florinda Fratianni · 2013

1,643 citations

The Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin: A Review of Clinical Trials

Bahare Salehi, Patrick Valère Tsouh Fokou · 2019

677 citations

The Role of AI in Drug Discovery: Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies

Alexandre Blanco-González, Alfonso Cabezón · 2023

508 citations

Recent Advances in Potential Health Benefits of Quercetin

Fatemeh Aghababaei, Milad Hadidi · 2023

494 citations