journal article
Open Access
Jul 23, 2023
Plasma-Activated Water: Physicochemical Properties, Generation Techniques, and Applications
Abstract
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is water that has been treated with atmospheric pressure plasma. Due to the presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), PAW can be used in various applications such as (1) surface disinfection and food decontamination, (2) enhancement in seed germination, and (3) enhancement in surface cooling in the nucleate boiling regime. Briefly, for surface disinfection, the reactive species in PAW can induce oxidative stress on microbes; for enhancement of seed germination, the reactive species in PAW can trigger seed germination and provide nutrients; for enhancement in surface cooling, the reactive species cause a reduction in the surface tension of PAW, facilitating the phase-change heat transfer and, quite unexpectedly, minimizing the surface oxidation. Here, we review the physicochemical properties of PAW, the three commonly used techniques (plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge, and corona discharge) for generating atmospheric pressure plasma, and the use of PAW for the above three applications. In particular, we review the recent development of the miniaturization of the plasma generator integrated with an acoustic neutralizer to produce plasma-activated aerosols, elimination of the need for storage, and the interesting physicochemical properties of PAW that lead to cooling enhancement.
Topics
No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →
References
182
[1]
Zhao "Plasma-activated water: Physicochemical properties, microbial inactivation mechanisms, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and applications in the food industry" Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. (2020) 10.1111/1541-4337.12644
[2]
Qi "Inactivation of Shewanella putrefaciens by Plasma Activated Water" Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. (2018) 10.1007/s11090-018-9911-5
[3]
Zhang "A study of oxidative stress induced by non-thermal plasma-activated water for bacterial damage" Appl. Phys. Lett. (2013) 10.1063/1.4807133
[4]
Wong "Hybrid treatment via MHz acoustic waves and plasma to enhance seed germination in mung bean" IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control (2021) 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3091155
[5]
Low "Increase in Leidenfrost point via plasma-activated water" Int. J. Therm. Sci. (2023) 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107908
[6]
Low "Cooling enhancement for light-emitting diode using plasma-activated water" Appl. Therm. Eng. (2023) 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120671
[7]
Chan "Palm oil mill effluent processing via hybrid plasma and acoustic treatment" J. Water Process. Eng. (2023) 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103455
[8]
Joshi "Nonthermal Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma-Induced Inactivation Involves Oxidative DNA Damage and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Escherichia coli" Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2011) 10.1128/aac.01002-10
[9]
Dolezalova "Membrane damage and active but nonculturable state in liquid cultures of Escherichia coli treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet" Bioelectrochemistry (2015) 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.08.018
[10]
Li "In Vitro studies of the antimicrobial effect of non-thermal plasma-activated water as a novel mouthwash" Eur. J. Oral Sci. (2017) 10.1111/eos.12374
[11]
Kashket "Bioenergetics of lactic acid bacteria: Cytoplasmic pH and osmotolerance" FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1987) 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02463.x
[12]
Yusupov "Plasma-Induced Destruction of Bacterial Cell Wall Components: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation" J. Phys. Chem. C (2013) 10.1021/jp3128516
[13]
Kumar "Implications of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in seed physiology for sustainable crop productivity under changing climate conditions" Curr. Plant Biol. (2021) 10.1016/j.cpb.2021.100197
[14]
Fan "Effects of plasma-activated water treatment on seed germination and growth of mung bean sprouts" J. Taibah Univ. Sci. (2020) 10.1080/16583655.2020.1778326
[15]
Kostolani "The effect of water activated by nonthermal air plasma on the growth of farm plants: Case of maize and barley" Plasma Process. Polym. (2021) 10.1002/ppap.202000205
[16]
Islam "Effects of LPDBD plasma and plasma activated water on germination and growth in rapeseed (Brassica napus)" Gesunde Pflanz. (2019) 10.1007/s10343-019-00463-9
[17]
Chandana "Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet for the bacterial inactivation in an aqueous medium" Sci. Total Environ. (2018) 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.342
[18]
Lukes "Aqueous-phase chemistry and bactericidal effects from an air discharge plasma in contact with water: Evidence for the formation of peroxynitrite through a pseudo-second-order post-discharge reaction of H2O2 and HNO2" Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (2014) 10.1088/0963-0252/23/1/015019
[19]
Glaze "The Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes Involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation" Ozone Sci. Eng. (1987) 10.1080/01919518708552148
[20]
Hammer "Fluorescence measurements of peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid in cold air plasma treated aqueous solutions" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (2019) 10.1039/c9cp00871c
[21]
Pryor "Oxy-Radicals and Related Species: Their Formation, Lifetimes, and Reactions" Annu. Rev. Physiol. (1986) 10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.003301
[22]
Petersen "Adsorption of ions to the surface of dilute electrolyte solutions: The Jones-Ray effect revisited" J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2005) 10.1021/ja053224w
[23]
Weissenborn "Surface tension of aqueous solutions of electrolytes: Relationship with ion hydration, oxygen solubility, and bubble coalescence" J. Colloid Interface Sci. (1996) 10.1006/jcis.1996.0651
[24]
Shen "Bactericidal Effects against S. aureus and Physicochemical Properties of Plasma Activated Water stored at different temperatures" Sci. Rep. (2016) 10.1038/srep28505
[25]
Ma "Non-thermal plasma-activated water inactivation of food-borne pathogen on fresh produce" J. Hazard. Mater. (2015) 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.061
[26]
Xu "Effect of plasma activated water on the postharvest quality of button mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus" Food Chem. (2016) 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.144
[27]
Pan "Investigation of Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Activated Water for the Dental Unit Waterline System Contamination and Safety Evaluation In Vitro" Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. (2017) 10.1007/s11090-017-9811-0
[28]
Wang "Plasma-Activated Water Promotes Wound Healing by Regulating Inflammatory Responses" Biophysica (2021) 10.3390/biophysica1030022
[29]
Xu, D., Wang, S., Li, B., Qi, M., Feng, R., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, H., and Kong, M.G. (2020). Effects of Plasma-Activated Water on Skin Wound Healing in Mice. Microorganisms, 8.
10.3390/microorganisms8071091
[30]
Liedtke "Non-thermal plasma-treated solution demonstrates antitumor activity against pancreatic cancer cells In Vitro and In Vivo" Sci. Rep. (2017) 10.1038/s41598-017-08560-3
[31]
Plasma agriculture: Review from the perspective of the plant and its ecosystem
Pietro Ranieri, Nicholas Sponsel, Jon Kizer et al.
Plasma Processes and Polymers
2021
10.1002/ppap.202000162
[32]
Kutasi "Controlling: The composition of plasma-activated water by Cu ions" Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (2021) 10.1088/1361-6595/abf078
[33]
Arda "Preservation of Reactive Species in Frozen Plasma-Activated Water and Enhancement of its Bactericidal Activity Through pH Adjustment" Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. (2023) 10.1007/s11090-023-10327-w
[34]
Chew "Hybrid atmospheric pressure plasma generation and DC electrospray aerosolization of plasma-activated water for surface pathogen disinfection" Plasma Process. Polym. (2023) 10.1002/ppap.202200128
[35]
Zhang "Sterilization Efficiency of a Novel Electrochemical Disinfectant against Staphylococcus aureus" Environ. Sci. Technol. (2016) 10.1021/acs.est.5b05108
[36]
Wu "Reactive radical-driven bacterial inactivation by hydrogen-peroxide-enhanced plasma-activated-water" Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. (2017) 10.1140/epjst/e2016-60330-y
[37]
Lukes, P., Locke, B.R., and Brisset, J.L. (2012). Plasma Chemistry and Catalysis in Gases and Liquids, Wiley.
[38]
Kaushik "Biological and medical applications of plasma-activated media, water and solutions" Biol. Chem. (2018) 10.1515/hsz-2018-0226
[39]
Gligorovski "Environmental Implications of Hydroxyl Radicals (•OH)" Chem. Rev. (2015) 10.1021/cr500310b
[40]
Liu "Aqueous reactive species induced by a surface air discharge: Heterogeneous mass transfer and liquid chemistry pathways" Sci. Rep. (2016) 10.1038/srep23737
[41]
Kuraica "Measurement of reactive species generated by dielectric barrier discharge in direct contact with water in different atmospheres" J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (2017) 10.1088/1361-6463/aa5fde
[42]
He "The formation pathways of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in a plasma-liquid system with liquid as the cathode" Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (2018) 10.1088/1361-6595/aad66d
[43]
Niethammer "A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish" Nature (2009) 10.1038/nature08119
[44]
Boehm "Hydrogen Peroxide and Beyond-the Potential of High-voltage Plasma-activated Liquids Against Cancerous Cells" Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. (2018) 10.2174/1871520617666170801110517
[45]
Kim "Measurement of Reactive Hydroxyl Radical Species Inside the Biosolutions During Non-thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Bombardment onto the Solution" Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. (2014) 10.1007/s11090-014-9538-0
[46]
Adachi "Plasma-activated medium induces A549 cell injury via a spiral apoptotic cascade involving the mitochondrial–nuclear network" Free. Radic. Biol. Med. (2015) 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.014
[47]
Zhou "Removal of organophosphorus pesticide residues from Lycium barbarum by gas phase surface discharge plasma" Chem. Eng. J. (2018) 10.1016/j.cej.2018.02.107
[48]
Ikawa "Effects of pH on Bacterial Inactivation in Aqueous Solutions due to Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Application" Plasma Process. Polym. (2010) 10.1002/ppap.200900090
[49]
Lu "Controlled cytotoxicity of plasma treated water formulated by open-air hybrid mode discharge" Appl. Phys. Lett. (2017) 10.1063/1.4990525
[50]
Girard "Synergistic effect of H2O2 and NO2 in cell death induced by cold atmospheric He plasma" Sci. Rep. (2016) 10.1038/srep29098
Showing 50 of 182 references
Cited By
112
From electroculture to plasma agriculture: a three-century arc bridging Bertholon’s legacy with contemporary farming advances
Comptes Rendus. Mécanique
Thierry Dufour · 2026
Integrating non-thermal plasma technology into aquaculture and fisheries: A review of its potential for enhancing fish health, water quality, and post-harvest practices
Aquaculture Reports
Nisansala Chandimali, Seon Gyeong Bak · 2026
Metrics
112
Citations
182
References
Details
- Published
- Jul 23, 2023
- Vol/Issue
- 11(7)
- Pages
- 2213
- License
- View
Authors
Cite This Article
Kiing S. Wong, Nicholas S. L. Chew, Mary Low, et al. (2023). Plasma-Activated Water: Physicochemical Properties, Generation Techniques, and Applications. Processes, 11(7), 2213. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072213
Related
You May Also Like
Alkaline Water Electrolysis Powered by Renewable Energy: A Review
Jörn Brauns, Thomas Turek · 2020
696 citations
Various Approaches for the Detoxification of Toxic Dyes in Wastewater
Abdulmohsen K. D. Alsukaibi · 2022
357 citations
Metal Ions, Metal Chelators and Metal Chelating Assay as Antioxidant Method
İlhami Gulçin, Saleh H. Alwasel · 2022
343 citations