Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

Paul Cozens; Terence Love; Brent Davern

doi:10.3390/socsci8090252

journal article Open Access Sep 03, 2019

Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

Paul Cozens

Terence Love

Brent Davern

Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 9 pp. 252 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/socsci8090252

Abstract

This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition (GJ) highlighting a significant lack of research within the criminological literature over the last 50 years. We argue the concept is a key foundation in understanding crime and crime prevention theories and in developing crime prevention strategies. Findings from a systematic review of the literature are presented to illustrate the paucity of research into geographical juxtaposition. We develop and extend the concept of geographical juxtaposition beyond that originally coined by Newman to include all immediate, local, distant, and remote environmental (physical) factors. Additionally, we demonstrate, by reference to practical criminological situations, the significant and extensive role of our revised concept of geographical juxtaposition. In particular, we point to the way that focusing on geographical juxtaposition identifies serious problems in many taken-for-granted assumptions in planning theory and practice. In exploring the concept of geographical juxtaposition, we highlight ten ways it can affect crime risks and six ways using geographical juxtaposition can benefit efforts to apply crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) more successfully when conducting a crime risk assessment. Finally, this paper briefly discusses four new CPTED principles, which emerge from our exploration of geographical juxtaposition. We identify new classes of CPTED methods and new ways of analyzing crime and offer the basis for new criminological theories.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

119

[1]

Ackerman "How Far to Travel?" A Multilevel Analysis of the Residence-to-Crime Distance. Journal of Quantitative Criminology (2015)

[2]

American Planning Association (2007, July 07). Legislation and Policy. Available online: http://www.planning.org/policyguides/smartgrowth.htm.

[3]

Anderson "Reducing Crime by Shaping the Built Environment with Zoning: An Empirical Study of Los Angeles" University of Pennsylvania Law Review (2013)

[4]

Bruinsma, Gerben, and Weisburd, David (2014). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2

[5]

Armitage, Rachel (2019, March 12). Urban Design and Crime—Pro-Social Design Would Reduce Crime. Available online: https://www.hud.ac.uk/news/2018/july/pro-social-design-reduces-crime/.

[6]

Armitage, Rachel, and Ekblom, Paul (2019). Rebuilding Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Strengthening the Links with Crime Science, Routledge. [1st ed.]. 10.4324/9781315687773

[7]

Atlas, Randal (2008). 21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention, Taylor & Francis Ltd. 10.1201/9781420068085

[8]

Bernasco "Robberies in Chicago: A block-level analysis of the influence of crime generators, crime attractors, and offender anchor points" Journal of Research in Crime Delinquency (2011) 10.1177/0022427810384135

[9]

Block "Space, place and crime: Hot spot areas and hot places of liquor-related crime" Crime and Place (1995)

[10]

Boessen "Close-ups and the scale of ecology: Land uses and the geography of social context and crime" Criminology (2015) 10.1111/1745-9125.12074

[11]

Bruinsma, Gerben, and Weisburd, David (2014). Geography of Crime and Disorder. Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2

[12]

Bowers "Risky facilities: Crime radiators or crime absorbers? A comparison of internal and external levels of theft" Journal of Quantitative Criminology (2014) 10.1007/s10940-013-9208-z

[13]

Brantingham "Spatial patterning of burglary" Howard Journal of Penology and Crime Prevention (1975) 10.1111/j.1468-2311.1975.tb00297.x

[14]

Brantingham, Patricia L., and Brantingham, Paul J. (1981). Environmental Criminology, Sage Publications.

[15]

Criminality of place

Patricia Brantingham, Paul Brantingham

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 1995 10.1007/bf02242925

[16]

Chang "Social crime or spatial crime? Exploring the effects of social, economic, and spatial factors on burglary rates" Environment and Behavior (2011) 10.1177/0013916509347728

[17]

Clarke, Ron (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, Harrow and Heston. [2nd ed.].

[18]

Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach

Lawrence E. Cohen, Marcus Felson

American Sociological Review 1979 10.2307/2094589

[19]

Commonwealth of Australia (1995). AMCORD: A National Resource Document for Residential Development.

[20]

Bowers, Kate, and Hirschfield, Alex (2001). GIS and the journey to crime: An analysis of patterns in South Yorkshire. Mapping and Analysing Crime Data: Lessons from Research and Practice, Taylor and Francis. 10.1201/9781482268256

[21]

Cozens "Urban Planning and Environmental Criminology: Towards a New Perspective for Safer Cities" Planning Practice and Research (2011) 10.1080/02697459.2011.582357

[22]

Cozens, Paul (2014). Think Crime! Using Evidence, Theory and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Planning Safer Cities, Praxis Education. [1st ed.].

[23]

Glasson, John, and Brunner, Julie (2015a). Crime as an unintended consequence: Planning for healthy cities and the need to move beyond crime prevention through environmental design. Contemporary Issues in Australian Urban and Regional Planning, Routledge. chp. 12.

[24]

Barton, Hugh, Thompson, Susan, Grant, Marcus, and Burgess, Sarah (2015b). Crime and Community Safety: Challenging the Design Consensus. Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being, Routledge. chp. 12. 10.4324/9781315728261

[25]

Cozens, Paul (2016). Think Crime! Using Evidence, Theory and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Planning Safer Cities, Praxis Education. [2nd ed.]. 10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.2

[26]

Cozens, Paul, and Babb, Courtney (2019, March 15). What’s Up on Beaufort Street? Exploring Crime, Traffic Risks and Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Available online: https://inglewoodonbeaufort.com/2018/12/03/inglewood-cpted-report/.

[27]

Hirt, Sonia, and Zahm, Diane (2012). Revisiting Jane Jacobs ‘Eyes on the Street’ for the 21st Century: Evidence from Environmental Criminology. The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs, Routledge. chp. 14. 10.4324/9780203095171

[28]

A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Paul Cozens, Terence Love

Journal of Planning Literature 2015 10.1177/0885412215595440

[29]

Cozens, Paul, and Love, Terence (2019, March 15). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Introducing and Learning from the “Dark Side” Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Available online: http://criminology.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-2.

[30]

Cozens "Perceptions of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) at Australian Railway Stations" Journal of Public Transportation (2015) 10.5038/2375-0901.18.4.5

[31]

Cozens "The Sustainable and the Criminogenic" The Case for New-Build Housing Projects in Britain. Property Management (1999)

[32]

Cozens "Crime and the Design of Residential Property. Exploring the Perceptions of Planning Professionals, Burglars and other Users" Property Management (2001) 10.1108/eum0000000005784

[33]

Cozens "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED): A Review and Modern Bibliography" Journal of Property Management (2005)

[34]

Crowe, Timothy (1991). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, Butterworth-Heinemann. [1st ed.].

[35]

Crowe, Timothy (2000). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.].

[36]

Day "Close Proximity to Alcohol Outlets is Associated with Increased Serious violent crime in New Zealand" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health (2012) 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00827.x

[37]

DETR (1998). Places, Streets and Movement. A Companion Guide to Design Bulletin 32: Residential Roads and Footpaths, HMSO.

[38]

Dietrick, B. (, January November). The environment and burglary victimization in a metropolitan suburb. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA, USA.

[39]

Duffala "Convenience stores, armed robbery, and physical environment features" American Behavioral Scientist (1976) 10.1177/000276427602000205

[40]

Dunworth, Terence, and Saiger, Aaron (1994). Drugs and Crime in Public Housing: A Three-City Analysis, National Institute of Justice Final Report.

[41]

Eck "Crime places in crime theory" Crime and Place, Crime Prevention Studies (1995)

[42]

Ekblom "Gearing up against crime: A dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adaptive criminal in a changing world" International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention (1997)

[43]

Ekblom "Deconstructing CPTED and reconstructing it for practice, knowledge management and research" European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (2011) 10.1007/s10610-010-9132-9

[44]

Ellen "Do Foreclosures Cause Crime?" Journal of Urban Economics (2013) 10.1016/j.jue.2012.09.003

[45]

Frisbie, D.W., Fishbine, G., Hintz, R., Joelson, M., and Nutter, J.M (1977). Crime in Minneapolis: Proposals for Prevention.

[46]

Gabor "Offender characteristics and spatial mobility: An empirical study and some policy implications" Canadian Journal of Criminology (1984) 10.3138/cjcrim.26.3.267

[47]

Greenberg "Neighborhood design and crime: A test of two perspectives" Journal of the American Planning Association (1984) 10.1080/01944368408976581

[48]

Greenberg "Safety in urban neighbourhoods: A comparison of physical characteristics and informal territorial control in high and low crime neighbourhoods" Population and Environment (1982) 10.1007/bf01257054

[49]

Criminogenic Facilities and Crime across Street Segments in Philadelphia

Elizabeth R. Groff, Brian Lockwood

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2014 10.1177/0022427813512494

[50]

Groff "The Role of Neighborhood Parks as Crime Generators" Security Journal (2011) 10.1057/sj.2011.1

Showing 50 of 119 references

Metrics

32

Citations

119

References

Details

Published: Sep 03, 2019
Vol/Issue: 8(9)
Pages: 252
License: View

Authors

P

Paul Cozens

School of Design and the Built Environment, Faculty of Humanities, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

T

Terence Love

Design Out Crime and CPTED Centre, 14 Michael St, Beaconsfield, WA 6162, Australia

B

Brent Davern

School of Design and the Built Environment, Faculty of Humanities, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Cite This Article

Paul Cozens, Terence Love, Brent Davern (2019). Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED. Social Sciences, 8(9), 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8090252

Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

You May Also Like