A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production

Jawad Ahmad; Karolos J. Kontoleon; Ali Majdi; Muhammad Tayyab Naqash; Ahmed Farouk Deifalla; Nabil Ben Kahla; Haytham F. Isleem; Shaker M. A. Qaidi

doi:10.3390/su14148783

journal article Open Access Jul 18, 2022

A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production

Jawad Ahmad

Karolos J. Kontoleon Ali Majdi

Muhammad Tayyab Naqash Ahmed Farouk Deifalla Nabil Ben Kahla Haytham F. Isleem

Shaker M. A. Qaidi

Sustainability Vol. 14 No. 14 pp. 8783 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/su14148783

Abstract

In the last few decades, the concrete industry has been massively expanded with the adoption of various kinds of binding materials. As a substitute to cement and in an effort to relieve ecofriendly difficulties linked with cement creation, the utilization of industrial waste as cementitious material can sharply reduce the amount of trash disposed of in lakes and landfills. With respect to the mechanical properties, durability and thermal behavior, ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) delineates a rational way to develop sustainable cement and concrete. Apart from environmental benefits, the replacement of cement by GGBS illustrates an adequate way to mitigate the economic impact. Although many researchers concentrate on utilizing GGBS in concrete production, knowledge is scattered, and additional research is needed to better understand relationships among a wide spectrum of key questions and to more accurately determine these preliminary findings. This work aims to shed some light on the scientific literature focusing on the use and effectiveness of GGBS as an alternative to cement. First and foremost, basic information on GGBS manufacturing and its physical, chemical and hydraulic activity and heat of hydration are thoroughly discussed. In a following step, fresh concrete properties, such as flowability and mechanical strength, are examined. Furthermore, the durability of concrete, such as density, permeability, acid resistance, carbonation depth and dry shrinkage, are also reviewed and interpreted. It can be deduced that the chemical structure of GGBS is parallel to that of cement, as it shows the creditability of being partially integrated and overall suggests an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). On the basis of such adjustments, the mechanical strength of concrete with GGBS has shown an increase, to a certain degree; however, the flowability of concrete has been reduced. In addition, the durability of concrete containing GGBS cement is shown to be superior. The optimum percentage of GGBS is an essential aspect of better performance. Previous studies have suggested different optimum percentages of GGBS varying from 10 to 20%, depending on the source of GGBS, concrete mix design and particle size of GGBS. Finally, the review also presents some basic process improvement tips for future generations to use GGBS in concrete.

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Details

Published: Jul 18, 2022
Vol/Issue: 14(14)
Pages: 8783
License: View

Authors

J

Jawad Ahmad

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus, Natioanl University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 44000, Pakistan

K

Karolos J. Kontoleon

Laboratory of Building Construction and Building Physics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

A

Ali Majdi

Department of Building and Construction Technologies and Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq

M

Muhammad Tayyab Naqash

Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University in Madinah, Prince Naif Ibn Abdulaziz Street, Al-Kamiah, Medina 42351, Saudi Arabia

A

Ahmed Farouk Deifalla

Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt

N

Nabil Ben Kahla

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia

H

Haytham F. Isleem

Department of Construction Management, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China

S

Shaker M. A. Qaidi

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq

Funding

deanship of King Khalid University Award: RGP.2/104/43

Cite This Article

Jawad Ahmad, Karolos J. Kontoleon, Ali Majdi, et al. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production. Sustainability, 14(14), 8783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148783

A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production

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