A Comprehensive Survey on Advancement and Challenges of DC Microgrid Protection

Hamed Binqadhi; Waleed M. Hamanah; Md Shafiullah; Md Shafiul Alam; Mohammad M. AlMuhaini; Mohammad A. Abido

doi:10.3390/su16146008

journal article Open Access Jul 14, 2024

A Comprehensive Survey on Advancement and Challenges of DC Microgrid Protection

Hamed Binqadhi

Waleed M. Hamanah

Md Shafiullah

Md Shafiul Alam

Mohammad M. AlMuhaini Mohammad A. Abido

Sustainability Vol. 16 No. 14 pp. 6008 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/su16146008

Abstract

Extensive research has been conducted on protecting alternating current (AC) power systems, resulting in many sophisticated protection methods and schemes. On the other hand, the natural characteristics of direct current (DC) systems pose many challenges in designing a proper protection scheme for DC microgrids (DC-MG). This paper highlights the significant challenges facing the design of effective protection methods for DC microgrids. Furthermore, several technologies and techniques presented in the literature to overcome the challenges associated with DC microgrid protection are presented in this paper. These methods are comprehensively and comparatively analyzed. In addition, some potential issues of DC microgrid protection that need further investigation in future research are highlighted.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

146

[1]

Microgrids: A review, outstanding issues and future trends

Moslem Uddin, Huadong Mo, Daoyi Dong et al.

Energy Strategy Reviews 2023 10.1016/j.esr.2023.101127

[2]

Ali, Z.M., Calasan, M., Aleem, S.H.E.A., and Jurado, F. (2023). Applications of Energy Storage Systems in Enhancing Energy Management and Access in Microgrids: A Review. Energies, 16. 10.3390/en16165930

[3]

A review of hybrid renewable energy systems: Solar and wind-powered solutions: Challenges, opportunities, and policy implications

Qusay Hassan, Sameer Algburi, Aws Zuhair Sameen et al.

Results in Engineering 2023 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101621

[4]

Energy Storage Systems: Technologies and High-Power Applications

Ahmed Aghmadi, Osama A. Mohammed

Batteries 10.3390/batteries10040141

[5]

Abusaq "Clean Technologies Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration through Innovative Hybrid Microgrid Design: A Case Study of Najran Secondary Industrial Institute in Saudi Arabia" Clean Technol. (2024) 10.3390/cleantechnol6020020

[6]

Hamanah "AC Microgrid Protection Schemes: A Comprehensive Review" IEEE Access (2023) 10.1109/access.2023.3298306

[7]

Isanbaev, V., Baños, R., Martínez, F., Alcayde, A., and Gil, C. (2024). Monitoring Energy and Power Quality of the Loads in a Microgrid Laboratory Using Smart Meters. Energies, 17. 10.3390/en17051251

[8]

Hafidz "Development of IoT-Based Portable Power Quality Monitoring on Microgrids by Enhancing Protection Features" IEEE Access (2024) 10.1109/access.2023.3276241

[9]

Integrating Smart Energy Management System with Internet of Things and Cloud Computing for Efficient Demand Side Management in Smart Grids

M. Saleem, Mustafa Shakir, M. Usman et al.

Energies 10.3390/en16124835

[10]

Cavus "Energy Management of Grid-Connected Microgrids Using an Optimal Systems Approach" IEEE Access (2023) 10.1109/access.2023.3239135

[11]

Zografopoulos, I. (2023). Cybersecure and Resilient Power Systems with Distributed Energy Resources. [Ph.D. Thesis, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology].

[12]

Abdi "The Role of Deep Learning in Advancing Proactive Cybersecurity Measures for Smart Grid Networks: A Survey" IEEE Internet Things J. (2024) 10.1109/jiot.2024.3354045

[13]

Aljohani "A Deep Learning-Based Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation System for Smart Grids" IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell. (2024) 10.1109/tai.2024.3354688

[14]

Grid-Forming Converters for Stability Issues in Future Power Grids

Shahid Aziz Khan, Mengqi Wang, Wencong Su et al.

Energies 10.3390/en15144937

[15]

Inverter, G., and Response, F. (2024). Development of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverter Control in Microgrid Network Ensuring Grid Stability and Frequency Response. Electronics, 13. 10.3390/electronics13101958

[16]

Kama "Optimal Planning of Renewable Integrated Rural Microgrid for Sustainable Energy Supply" Energy Storage (2022) 10.1002/est2.332

[17]

Hamidieh "Microgrids and Resilience: A Review" IEEE Access (2022) 10.1109/access.2022.3211511

[18]

Loni, A., and Asadi, S. (2024). Power System Resilience: The Role of Electric Vehicles and Social Disparities in Mitigating the US Power Outages, Springer Nature. 10.1007/s40866-024-00204-6

[19]

Khaledi "Three-Stage Resilience-Oriented Active Distribution Systems Operation after Natural Disasters" Energy (2023) 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128360

[20]

Osman "Optimal Resilient Microgrids Formation Based on Darts Game Theory Approach and Emergency Demand Response Program for Cyber-Physical Distribution Networks Considering Natural Disasters" Process Saf. Environ. Prot. (2023) 10.1016/j.psep.2023.03.073

[21]

Ntombela, M., Musasa, K., and Moloi, K. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of the Incorporation of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Distributed Generation Regarding Smart Grids. World Electr. Veh. J., 14. 10.20944/preprints202306.0909.v1

[22]

Zafar "Home Energy Management System Concepts, Configurations, and Technologies for the Smart Grid" IEEE Access (2020) 10.1109/access.2020.3005244

[23]

DC Microgrid Planning, Operation, and Control: A Comprehensive Review

Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail

IEEE Access 2021 10.1109/access.2021.3062840

[24]

Gust "Strategies for Microgrid Operation under Real-World Conditions" Eur. J. Oper. Res. (2021) 10.1016/j.ejor.2020.10.041

[25]

Alam "Renewable Energy Integration with DC Microgrids: Challenges and Opportunities" Electr. Power Syst. Res. (2024) 10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110548

[26]

Saleh, M., Esa, Y., Mhandi, Y., Brandauer, W., and Mohamed, A. (2016, January 2–6). Design and Implementation of CCNY DC Microgrid Testbed. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, USA. 10.1109/ias.2016.7731870

[27]

Hossain "Microgrid Testbeds around the World: State of Art" Energy Convers. Manag. (2014) 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.012

[28]

Shiles, J., Wong, E., Rao, S., Sanden, C., Zamani, M.A., Davari, M., and Katiraei, F. (2017, January 16–20). Microgrid Protection: An Overview of Protection Strategies in North American Microgrid Projects. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA. 10.1109/pesgm.2017.8274519

[29]

Memon, D.A., Ali, K.H., Memon, A.A., Ansari, J.A., Badar, J., Alharbi, M., Banatwala, A.Z., and Kumar, M. (2024). Comparative Analysis and Implementation of DC Microgrid Systems versus AC Microgrid Performance. Front. Energy Res., 12. 10.3389/fenrg.2024.1370547

[30]

Fairley "DC versus AC: The Second War of Currents Has Already Begun [in My View]" IEEE Power Energy Mag. (2012) 10.1109/mpe.2012.2212617

[31]

Liu, X., Wang, P., and Loh, P.C. (2010, January 27–29). A Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grid. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference Proceedings IPEC, Singapore.

[32]

Elsayed "DC Microgrids and Distribution Systems: An Overview" Electr. Power Syst. Res. (2015) 10.1016/j.epsr.2014.10.017

[33]

Bayati "Protection in DC Microgrids: A Comparative Review" IET Smart Grid (2018) 10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0035

[34]

Rao "Fault Detection in DC Microgrid Based on the Resistance Estimation" IEEE Syst. J. (2021) 10.1109/jsyst.2020.3046054

[35]

Mortezapour "Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: A Generalized Approach for Autonomous Droop-Based Primary Control in Islanded Operations" Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. (2017) 10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.05.022

[36]

Unamuno "Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids—Part I: Review and Classification of Topologies" Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. (2015) 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.194

[37]

Bodi, F., and Lim, E.H. (2011, January 9–13). 380/400V DC Powering Option. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 33rd International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 10.1109/intlec.2011.6099885

[38]

Prabhala, V.A., Baddipadiga, B.P., Fajri, P., and Ferdowsi, M. (2018). An Overview of Direct Current Distribution System Architectures & Benefits. Energies, 11. 10.3390/en11092463

[39]

Hamanah "Optimum Sizing of Hybrid PV, Wind, Battery and Diesel System Using Lightning Search Algorithm" Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2020) 10.1007/s13369-019-04292-w

[40]

Beheshtaein, S., Cuzner, R.M., Forouzesh, M., Savaghebi, M., and Guerrero, J.M. (2019). DC Microgrid Protection: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., 1. 10.1109/jestpe.2019.2904588

[41]

Mobarrez, M. (2018). DC Microgrids: Architectures, Control and Economic Analysis, North Carolina State University.

[42]

Bharti "Planning Framework for Optimal Resource Utilization Strategy in Microgrid" Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2020) 10.1007/s13369-019-04310-x

[43]

Ensermu "Real-Time Simulation of Smart DC Microgrid with Decentralized Control System Under Source Disturbances" Arab. J. Sci. Eng. (2019) 10.1007/s13369-019-03842-6

[44]

Alam "Planning and Protection of DC Microgrid: A Critical Review on Recent Developments" Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. (2023)

[45]

Kumar "DC Microgrid Technology: System Architectures, AC Grid Interfaces, Grounding Schemes, Power Quality, Communication Networks, Applications, and Standardizations Aspects" IEEE Access (2017) 10.1109/access.2017.2705914

[46]

Javed, W., Chen, D., Farrag, M.E., and Xu, Y. (2019). System Configuration, Fault Detection, Location, Isolation and Restoration: A Review on LVDC Microgrid Protections. Energies, 12. 10.3390/en12061001

[47]

Chandra "Protection Techniques for DC Microgrid—A Review" Electr. Power Syst. Res. (2020) 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106439

[48]

Talaq, M.A., Almuhaini, M., and Qadhi, H. (2023, January 6–9). Bin Renewable Energy Sources Contribution to Short Circuit Current. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE PES 15th Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Chiang Mai, Thailand.

[49]

Shah "Protection Challenges and Mitigation Techniques of Power Grid Integrated to Renewable Energy Sources: A Review" Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff. (2023)

[50]

Gomes, M., Coelho, P., and Moreira, C. (2018). Microgrid Protection Schemes. Microgrids Des. Implement., 311–336. 10.1007/978-3-319-98687-6_12

Showing 50 of 146 references

Metrics

19

Citations

146

References

Details

Published: Jul 14, 2024
Vol/Issue: 16(14)
Pages: 6008
License: View

Authors

H

Hamed Binqadhi

Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

W

Waleed M. Hamanah

Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Applied Research Center for Metrology, Standards, and Testing, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

M

Md Shafiullah

Control & Instrumentation Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

M

Md Shafiul Alam

Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

M

Mohammad M. AlMuhaini

Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

M

Mohammad A. Abido

Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Research and Innovation, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

Funding

Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES) at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Award: INSE2409

King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE) Award: INSE2409

Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA) Award: INSE2409

KFUPM through the SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Award: INSE2409

Cite This Article

Hamed Binqadhi, Waleed M. Hamanah, Md Shafiullah, et al. (2024). A Comprehensive Survey on Advancement and Challenges of DC Microgrid Protection. Sustainability, 16(14), 6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146008

A Comprehensive Survey on Advancement and Challenges of DC Microgrid Protection

You May Also Like