journal article Open Access Feb 20, 2025

[Proposal of a method for assessing burnout risk in teachers: the VA.RI.B.O (VAlutazione RIschio Burn-Out)]

View at Publisher Save 10.4081/gimle.562
Abstract
 Introduction. Burnout syndrome (BOS) can be defined as a chronic work strain characterized by three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (or cynicism), reduced professional effectiveness.BOS typically strikes the helping professions like the teachers. Objective. The aims of this study are: 1) clarify the concept of BOS, as currently configured in the international scientific literature; 2) analyze the psychosocial risk factors in teachers; 3) develop a methodology for the assessment and prevention of the risk of BOS in the teachers.Methods. The literature review followed some of the PRISMA guidelines criteria.Results and discussion. The results of the study highlight BOS as a risk factor specific and distinct from labor-related stress. A strategy called VA.RI.B.O is proposed (Burn-Out Recognition) for teachers.
Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
74
[1]
1) Maslach C. Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
[2]
2) Maslach C, Schaufeli WB. Historical and conceptual development of burnout. In: Schaufeli WB, Maslach C, Marek T, editors. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Washington DC: Taylor & Francis; 1993, pp 1-16. 10.4324/9781315227979-1
[3]
3) Leiter MP. Burn-out as a crisis in self-efficacy: Conceptual and practical implications. Work and Stress 1992; 6(2): 107-115. 10.1080/02678379208260345
[4]
4) Cherniss C. Role of professional self-efficacy in the etiology and amelioration of burnout. In Schaufeli WB, Maslach C, Marek T. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (pp. 135-149). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis, 1992. 10.4324/9781315227979-11
[5]
A longitudinal study of teacher burnout and perceived self-efficacy in classroom management

André Brouwers, Welko Tomic

Teaching and Teacher Education 10.1016/s0742-051x(99)00057-8
[6]
6) Farber BA. The Jossey-Bass education series. Crisis in education: Stress and burnout in the American teacher. San Francisco, CA, US:
[7]
Jossey-Bass, 1991.
[8]
Teacher stress and burnout: an international review

Chris Kyriacou

Educational Research 10.1080/0013188870290207
[9]
9) European Trade Union Committee for Education. Teacher's workrelated stress. Brussels: European Trade Union Committee for Education, 2011. Disponibile all'indirizzo: http://www.lizda.lv/ content/files/TeachersStressEn.pdf. (ultimo accesso in data 11/08/2018). 10) Lodolo D'Oria V, Bulgarini d'Elci G, Bonomi P, Della Torre Di Valsassina M, Fasano AI, Giannella V, Ferrari M, Waldis F, Pecori Giraldi F. Are teachers at risk for psychiatric disorders? Stereotypes, physiology and perspectives of a job prevalently done by women. Med Lav 2009; 100(3): 211-227.
[10]
11) Lodolo D'Oria V, Pecori Giraldi F, Della Torre M, et al. Is there any correlation between psychiatric disease and the teaching profession? Med Lav 2004; 95(5): 339-353.
[11]
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement

David Moher, Alessandro Liberati, Jennifer Tetzlaff et al.

PLoS Medicine 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
[12]
13) Chirico F. Job stress models for predicting burnout: a review. Ann Ist Sup Sanità. 2016 Jul-Sep; 52(3): 443-456. doi: 10.4415/ANN_16_03_17.
[13]
14) Pines AM, Aronson E, Kafry D. Burnout: from tedium to personl growth. New York City: The Free Press, 1981.
[14]
15) Schaufeli WB. Leiter MP, Maslach C. Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Develop Int 2009; 14(3): 204-220. 10.1108/13620430910966406
[15]
16) Leiter MP, Maslach C. Six areas of worklife: a model of the organizational context of burnout. J Health Hum Serv Adm 1999; 21(4): 472-489.
[16]
17) Maslach C. "Burned-out". Hum Behav 1976; 5(9): 16-22.
[17]
18) Buunk BP, Schaufeli WB. Professional burnout: a perspective from social comparison theory in Schaufeli WB, Masclach C, Marek T. Professional burnout: recent developments in theory and research. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1993, pp. 53-69.
[18]
19) Karasek RA. Demand/control model: a social, emotional and physiological approach to stress risk and active behaviour development. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva: ILO, 1998, pp. 34.06-34.14.
[19]
20) Converso D, Marafioti M. La sindrome del burnout: Origine e sviluppi del costrutto e studio degli antecedenti. In D. Converso & R. Falcetta (Eds.), Burnout e non solo (pp. 72-109). Torino: Centro Scientifico Editore, 2007.
[20]
21) Siegrist J. Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1(1): 27-41. 10.1037//1076-8998.1.1.27
[21]
The measurement of experienced burnout

Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson

Journal of Organizational Behavior 10.1002/job.4030020205
[22]
23) Malach C, Leiter MP. The truth about burnout. How organizatio ause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisc Jossey-Bass, 1997.
[23]
24) Maslach C, Leiter MP. Preventing burnout and building engagement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.
[24]
25) American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
[25]
26) Bianchi R, Schonfeld IS. Laurent E. Physician burnout is better conceptualized as depression. Lancet 2017; 389: 1397-1398. 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30897-8
[26]
27) Carlini L, Fidenzi L, Gualtieri G, et al. Burnout syndrome. Legal medicine: analysis and evaluation INAIL protection in cases of suicide induced by burnout within the helping professions. Riv Psichiatr 2016; 51(3): 87-95.
[27]
28) Chirico F. Is burnout a syndrome or an occupational disease? Instructions for occupational physicians. Epidemiol Prev 2017 Sep; 41(5-6): 294-298. doi: 10.19191/EP17.5-6.P294.089.
[28]
29) Lastovkova A, Carder M, Rasmussen HM, Sjoberg L, Groene GJ, Sauni R, et al. Burnout syndrome as an occupational disease in the European Union: an exploratory study. Ind Health 2018 Apr 7 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0132
[29]
56(2): 160-165. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0132. Epub 2017 Nov 3. 30) ILO, International Labour Office. (2016) WORKPLACE STRESS: A collective challenge. ILO: Turin, Italy, 2016. Disponibile on line all'indirizzo: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_protect/ -protrav/-safework/documents/publication/wcms_466547.pdf (consultato in data 11/08/2018).
[30]
31) Letonturier P. The burnout syndrome of the caregiver, a new occupational disease. Presse Med 2004; 33: 393. 10.1016/s0755-4982(04)98605-8
[31]
32) Chirico F. Ferrari G. Il burnout nella scuola. Milano: Edizioni FS. 2014. 33) Cox T, Tisserand M, Taris T. The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: questions and directions. Work & Stress 2005; 19(3): 187-191. 34) Santinello M, Altoe' G, Verzeletti C. Sviluppo e validazione del Link Burnout Questionnaire. Risorsa Uomo 2006: 4: 385-396. 35) Chirico F. Is it time to consider Burnout Syndrome an occupational disease? Brit J Psych 2006; 190(1): 81.
[32]
doi: 10.1192/bjp. 190.1.81a. e-letter published on 17 July 2017. Disponibile all'indirizzo: http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/190/1/81.2. e-letters#is-it-time-to-consider-burnout-syndrome-an-occupationaldisease (consultato in data 11/08/2018).
[33]
The job demands-resources model of burnout.

Evangelia Demerouti, Arnold B. Bakker, Friedhelm Nachreiner et al.

Journal of Applied Psychology 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
[34]
Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study

Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Arnold B. Bakker

Journal of Organizational Behavior 10.1002/job.248
[35]
39) Bakker A, Emmerik HV, Euwema M. Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams. Work Occup 2006; 33: 464-489. 10.1177/0730888406291310
[36]
40) Hakanen JJ, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB. Burnout and work engagement among teachers. J School Psychol 2006; 43: 495-513. 41) Chirico F, Taino G, Giorgi I, Fiorilli C, Ferrari G, Oddone E, Imbriani M. Stress lavoro-correlato e burnout negli insegnanti: un'indagine esplorativa sul ruolo dei client-related stressors. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2018 July-Sept; 40(3) Suppl. 10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
[37]
The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout

Tage S. Kristensen, Marianne Borritz, Ebbe Villadsen et al.

Work & Stress 10.1080/02678370500297720
[38]
43) Halbesleben JRB, Demerouti E. The construct validity of an alternative measure of burnout: investigating the English translation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Work & Stress 2005; 19(3): 208-220. 44) Kristensen TS, Hannerz H, Hogh A, Borg V. The Copenaghen Psychosocial Questionnaire-a tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scand J Work Environ Health 2005; 31(6): 438-449. 10.1080/02678370500340728
[39]
45) Dicke T, Marsh HW, Riley P, Parker PD, Guo J, Horwood M. Validating the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQIl) using Set-ESEM: Identifying Psychosocial Risk Factors in a sample of school principals. Front Psychol 2018: 9: 584. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00584
[40]
46) Setti I d'Errico A, Di Cuonzo D, Fiabane E, Argentero P. Validation and psychometric properties of the Italian Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire Il - short version. Applied Psychology Bulletin 2017; 65(280): 48-57. 10.1037/t66472-000
[41]
‘Management Standards’ work-related stress in the UK: practical development

Rosanna Cousins *, Colin J. MacKay, Simon D. Clarke et al.

Work & Stress 10.1080/02678370410001734322
[42]
48) Persechino B, Valenti A, Ronchetti M, Rondinone B, Di Tecco C, Vitali S, Iavicoli S. Work-related stress risk assessment in Italy: a methodological proposal adapted to regulatory guidelines. Safety Health Work 2013; 4: 95-99. 10.1016/j.shaw.2013.05.002
[43]
49) Magnavita N. Validation of the Italian version of the HSE Indicator Tool. Occup Med (Lond) 2012; 62(4): 288-294. 10.1093/occmed/kqs025
[44]
50) Ravalier JM, McVicar A, Munn-Giddings C. The Management Standards Indicator Tool and evaluation of burnout. Occup Med (London) 2013; 63(2): 145-147. 10.1093/occmed/kqs217
[45]
51) Chirico F. The assessment of psychosocial risk: only "workrelated" stress or something else? Med Lav 2015
[46]
16(1): 65-67. 52) Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work: productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books, 1990.
[47]
53) Siegrist J. Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1(1): 27-41. 10.1037//1076-8998.1.1.27
[48]
54) Johnson JV. Job strain, work place, social support and cardiovascular disease. A cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health 1988; 78(10): 1336-1342. 10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
[49]
55) Häusser JA, Mojzisch A, Niesel M, Schulz-Hardt S. Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support)
[50]
Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being

Jan Alexander Häusser, Andreas Mojzisch, Miriam Niesel et al.

Work & Stress 10.1080/02678371003683747

Showing 50 of 74 references