Management of eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease

Tammy H. Osaki; Lucas G. Monteiro; Midori H. Osaki

doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_57_21

journal article Jan 01, 2022

Management of eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease

Tammy H. Osaki Lucas G. Monteiro Midori H. Osaki

Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology Vol. 12 No. 1 pp. 12-21 · Medknow

View at Publisher Save 10.4103/tjo.tjo_57_21

Abstract

Eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease (TED) is a challenging condition. It is one of the main clinical signs and a major diagnostic criterion in TED. This condition may threaten vision due to exposure keratopathy, in addition to its esthetic alterations, which may lead to psychosocial implications and affect the patient's quality of life. Although it is more commonly observed in the upper eyelid, it may be present on both the upper and lower lids. Numerous surgical and nonsurgical treatment modalities have been described and will be reviewed in this article. Management should be based on an individual patient assessment, taking into consideration the disease stage, severity, and clinician experience.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

111

[1]

Jain "Thyroid eye disease: Redefining its management – A review" Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2021) 10.1111/ceo.13899

[2]

Chin "Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review" Clin Endocrinol (Oxf (2020) 10.1111/cen.14296

[3]

Sikder "Thyroid eye disease: Pathogenesis and treatment" Ophthalmologica (2010) 10.1159/000260224

[4]

Lazarus "Epidemiology of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease" Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab (2012) 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.005

[5]

Bartalena "The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy" Eur J Endocrinol (2021) 10.1530/eje-21-0479

[6]

Bartley "Diagnostic criteria for Graves’ ophthalmopathy" Am J Ophthalmol (1995) 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72787-4

[7]

Cruz "Graves upper eyelid retraction" Surv Ophthalmol (2013) 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.007

[8]

van den Bosch "Topographic anatomy of the eyelids, and the effects of sex and age" Br J Ophthalmol (1999) 10.1136/bjo.83.3.347

[9]

Bartley "The epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota" Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc (1994)

[10]

Bartley "Clinical features of Graves’ ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort" Am J Ophthalmol (1996) 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70276-4

[11]

Dutton "Anatomic considerations in thyroid eye disease" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2018) 10.1097/iop.0000000000001122

[12]

Wiersinga "Quality of life in Graves’ ophthalmopathy" Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab (2012) 10.1016/j.beem.2011.11.001

[13]

Lee "Course of upper eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease" Br J Ophthalmol (2020) 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313578

[14]

Small "Enlargement of levator palpebrae superioris muscle fibers in Graves’ ophthalmopathy" Ophthalmology (1989) 10.1016/s0161-6420(89)32874-0

[15]

Grove "Upper eyelid retraction and Graves’ disease" Ophthalmology (1981) 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34991-4

[16]

Pochin "The mechanism of lid retraction in Graves’ disease" Clin Sci (1939)

[17]

Noh "Sympathetic overactivity of intraocular muscles evaluated by accommodation in patients with hyperthyroidism" Thyroid (1996) 10.1089/thy.1996.6.289

[18]

Cockerham "Clinicopathologic evaluation of the Mueller muscle in thyroidassociated orbitopathy" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2002) 10.1097/00002341-200201000-00003

[19]

Shih "Molecular pathology of Muller's muscle in Graves’ ophthalmopathy" J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2006) 10.1210/jc.2005-1877

[20]

Wesley "Upper eyelid retraction from inferior rectus restriction in dysthyroid orbit disease" Ann Ophthalmol (1987)

[21]

Ohnishi "Levator palpebrae superioris muscle: MR evaluation of enlargement as a cause of upper eyelid retraction in Graves disease" Radiology (1993) 10.1148/radiology.188.1.8511284

[22]

Davies "Levator muscle enlargement in thyroid eye disease-related upper eyelid retraction" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2017) 10.1097/iop.0000000000000633

[23]

Harrison "Effect of hyperthyroidism on the orbicularis oculi muscle in rabbits" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2002) 10.1097/00002341-200207000-00011

[24]

Ribeiro "Graves lower eyelid retraction" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2016) 10.1097/iop.0000000000000613

[25]

Rundle "Management of exophthalmos and related ocular changes in Graves’ disease" Metabolism (1957)

[26]

Rundle "Development and course of exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia in Graves’ disease with special reference to the effect of thyroidectomy" Clin Sci (1945)

[27]

Higuchi "Palpebral edema as a cutaneous manifestation of hyperthyroidism" J Am Acad Dermatol (2003) 10.1067/mjd.2003.36

[28]

Kim "Meibomian gland dysfunction in Graves’ orbitopathy" Can J Ophthalmol (2015) 10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.05.012

[29]

Gürdal "Ocular surface and dry eye in Graves’ disease" Curr Eye Res (2011) 10.3109/02713683.2010.526285

[30]

Cho "The effect of orbital decompression surgery on lid retraction in thyroid eye disease" Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg (2011) 10.1097/iop.0b013e3182232465

[31]

Ben Simon "Simultaneous orbital decompression and correction of upper eyelid retraction versus staged procedures in thyroid-related orbitopathy" Ophthalmology (2005) 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.12.028

[32]

Bernardini "Simultaneous aesthetic eyelid surgery and orbital decompression for rehabilitation of thyroid eye disease: The one-stage approach" Aesthet Surg J (2018) 10.1093/asj/sjy014

[33]

Hintschich "Full thickness eyelid transsection (blepharotomy) for upper eyelid lengthening in lid retraction associated with Graves’ disease" Br J Ophthalmol (2005) 10.1136/bjo.2004.052852

[34]

Elner "Graded full-thickness anterior blepharotomy for upper eyelid retraction" Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc (2003)

[35]

Lee "Modified full thickness graded blepharotomy for upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease in east Asians" Ann Plast Surg (2016) 10.1097/sap.0000000000000656

[36]

Nimitwongsakul "Modified fullthickness blepharotomy for treatment of thyroid eye disease" Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg (2013) 10.1097/iop.0b013e318275b5e2

[37]

Lee "Optimizing esthetic outcomes in graded full-thickness anterior blepharotomy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy" Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2019) 10.1007/s00417-019-04308-z

[38]

Putterman "Surgical treatment of thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction. Graded Müller's muscle excision and levator recession" Ophthalmology (1981) 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34987-2

[39]

Harvey "The aponeurotic approach to eyelid retraction" Ophthalmology (1981) 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34996-3

[40]

Ben Simon "Transconjunctival Müller muscle recession with levator disinsertion for correction of eyelid retraction associated with thyroid-related orbitopathy" Am J Ophthalmol (2005) 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.02.034

[41]

Tucker "Repair of upper eyelid retraction: A comparison between adjustable and non-adjustable sutures" Br J Ophthalmol (1995) 10.1136/bjo.79.7.658

[42]

Watanabe "Turn-over orbital septal flap and levator recession for upper-eyelid retraction secondary to thyroid eye disease" Eye (Lond (2013) 10.1038/eye.2013.160

[43]

Schwarz "Correction of upper eyelid retraction using deep temporal fascia spacer grafts" Plast Reconstr Surg (2008) 10.1097/prs.0b013e318180ed24

[44]

Grove "Eyelid retraction treated by levator marginal myotomy" Ophthalmology (1980) 10.1016/s0161-6420(80)35136-1

[45]

Piggot "New technique of levator lengthening for the retracted upper eyelid" Br J Plast Surg (1995) 10.1016/0007-1226(95)90143-4

[46]

Lai "A new technique for levator lengthening to treat upper eyelid retraction: The orbital septal flap" Aesthetic Plast Surg (2002) 10.1007/s00266-001-0019-5

[47]

Ceisler "Results of Müllerotomy and levator aponeurosis transposition for the correction of upper eyelid retraction in Graves disease" Ophthalmology (1995) 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30996-7

[48]

Kazim "A review of surgical techniques to correct upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease" Curr Opin Ophthalmol (2011) 10.1097/icu.0b013e3283499433

[49]

Kikkawa "Histopathologic analysis of palpebral conjunctiva in thyroid-related orbitopathy (an american ophthalmological society thesis)" Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc (2010)

[50]

Putterman "Surgical treatment of upper eyelid retraction" Arch Ophthalmol (1972) 10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020403007

Showing 50 of 111 references

Cited By

25

Effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide injection for upper eyelid retraction and excursion in active thyroid eye disease

Chrisha Faye Habaluyas, Muhammad Abumanhal · 2026

Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology

Metrics

25

Citations

111

References

Details

Published: Jan 01, 2022
Vol/Issue: 12(1)
Pages: 12-21

Authors

Cite This Article

Tammy H. Osaki, Lucas G. Monteiro, Midori H. Osaki (2022). Management of eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease. Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology, 12(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.tjo_57_21

Management of eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease

You May Also Like