Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References
46
[1]
Saeed M, Asad M, Shahzad M, Akram M, Khan Z. Biochemical composition of a smokeless tobacco product (NASWAR) used in Pakistan. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2024, 36:103168. 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103168 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103168
[2]
Travis N, Warner KE, Goniewicz ML, et al.. The potential impact of oral nicotine pouches on public health: a scoping review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2025, 27:598-610. 10.1093/ntr/ntae131 10.1093/ntr/ntae131
[3]
Azzopardi D, Liu C, Murphy J. Chemical characterization of tobacco-free "modern" oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022, 45:2246-54. 10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691 10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691
[4]
Back S, Masser AE, Rutqvist LE, Lindholm J. Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in two novel nicotine pouch products in comparison with regular smokeless tobacco products and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). BMC Chem. 2023, 17:9. 10.1186/s13065-023-00918-1 10.1186/s13065-023-00918-1
[5]
Rinaldi S, Pieper E, Schulz T, Zimmermann R, Luch A, Laux P, Mallock-Ohnesorg N. Oral nicotine pouches with an aftertaste? Part 2: in vitro toxicity in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol. 2023, 97:2343-56. 10.1007/s00204-023-03554-9 10.1007/s00204-023-03554-9
[6]
Shaikh SB, Newton C, Tung WC, Sun Y, Li D, Ossip D, Rahman I. Classification, perception, and toxicity of emerging flavored oral nicotine pouches. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023, 20:4526. 10.3390/ijerph20054526 10.3390/ijerph20054526
[7]
Ye D, Rahman I. Emerging oral nicotine products and periodontal diseases. Int J Dent. 2023, 2023:9437475. 10.1155/2023/9437475 10.1155/2023/9437475
[8]
Patel M, Kierstead EC, Kreslake J, Schillo BA. Patterns of oral nicotine pouch use among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Prev Med Rep. 2023, 34:102239. 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102239 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102239
[9]
Tattan-Birch H, Jackson SE, Shahab L, et al.. Oral nicotine pouch use in Great Britain: a repeat cross-sectional study, 2020-25. Lancet Public Health. 2025, 11:E26-34. 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00296-8 10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00296-8
[10]
Alkharaan H, Alrubayyi A, Kariri M, et al.. Investigating oral nicotine pouch use among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: prevalence, awareness, susceptibility, and associated symptoms. Front Public Health. 2025, 13:1607656. 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1607656 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1607656
[11]
Alwafi H, Naser AY, Alharbi R, et al.. Prevalence, safety, and role of nicotine pouches in smoking cessation among smokers and the public in Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep. 2025, 15:29758. 10.1038/s41598-025-15070-0 10.1038/s41598-025-15070-0
[12]
Simon P, Jiang Y, Buta E, Sartor CE, Krishnan-Sarin S, Gueorguieva R. Longitudinal trajectories of multiple nicotine product use among youths in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. JAMA Netw Open. 2022, 5:e223549. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3549 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.3549
[13]
Al-Nafisi AM, Alsulami ZB, Alsulami MB, et al.. Assessing the gastrointestinal and psychological impacts of nicotine pouch use among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Tob Prev Cessat. 2025, 11:10.18332/tpc/207753 10.18332/tpc/207753
[14]
Elsokkary EM, Alsabhan FA, Alyahya AA, Alsahli SA, Almousa AM, Aldali JA, Alasiri G. Exploring the effect of nicotine pouches on users' health in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis. 2025, 23:10.18332/tid/203510 10.18332/tid/203510
[15]
Kanobe MN, Powell CY, Patrudu M, et al.. Randomized crossover clinical studies to assess abuse liability and nicotine pharmacokinetics of Velo oral nicotine pouches. Front Pharmacol. 2025, 16:1547073. 10.3389/fphar.2025.1547073 10.3389/fphar.2025.1547073
[16]
Sharma MK, Suman LN, Srivastava K, Suma N, Vishwakarma A. Psychometric properties of Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence: a systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J. 2021, 30:207-16. 10.4103/ipj.ipj_51_21 10.4103/ipj.ipj_51_21
[17]
Dowd AN, Thrul J, Czaplicki L, Kennedy RD, Moran MB, Spindle TR. A cross-sectional survey on oral nicotine pouches: characterizing use-motives, topography, dependence levels, and adverse events. Nicotine Tob Res. 2024, 26:245-9. 10.1093/ntr/ntad179 10.1093/ntr/ntad179
[18]
Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis.

Karen Nylund-Gibson, Andrew Young Choi

Translational Issues in Psychological Science 2018 10.1037/tps0000176
[19]
Effect Size, Statistical Power, and Sample Size Requirements for the Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test in Latent Class Analysis

John J. Dziak, Stephanie T. Lanza, Xianming Tan

Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary... 2014 10.1080/10705511.2014.919819
[20]
Practitioner’s Guide to Latent Class Analysis: Methodological Considerations and Common Pitfalls

Pratik Sinha, Carolyn S. Calfee, Kevin L. Delucchi

Critical Care Medicine 2021 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004710
[21]
Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures

Dorcas E. Beaton, Claire Bombardier, Francis Guillemin et al.

SPINE 2000 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
[22]
Elangovan N, Sundaravel E. Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts. MethodsX. 2021, 8:101326. 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326
[23]
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Todd F. Heatherton, LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI, RICHARD C. FRECKER et al.

British Journal of Addiction 1991 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
[24]
Ebbert JO, Patten CA, Schroeder DR. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST). Addict Behav. 2006, 31:1716-21. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.015 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.015
[25]
R Core Team. R. a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (2023). Accessed: March 4, 2026: https://www.R-project.org/..
[26]
Collins LM, Lanza ST. Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken; 2009.
[27]
Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles; 2017.
[28]
Bakk Z, Tekle FB, Vermunt JK. Estimating the association between latent class membership and external variables using bias-adjusted three-step approaches. Sociol Methodol. 2013, 43:272-311. 10.1177/0081175012470644 10.1177/0081175012470644
[29]
Analysis of Complex Survey Samples

Thomas Lumley

Journal of Statistical Software 2004 10.18637/jss.v009.i08
[30]
Nahhas RW. Introduction to Regression Methods for Public Health using R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton; 2024. 10.1201/9781003263197 10.1201/9781003263197
[31]
Hilbe JM. Negative Binomial Regression. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2011.
[32]
Hu MC, Pavlicova M, Nunes EV. Zero-inflated and hurdle models of count data with extra zeros: examples from an HIV-risk reduction intervention trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2011, 37:367-75. 10.3109/00952990.2011.597280 10.3109/00952990.2011.597280
[33]
Mullahy J. Specification and testing of some modified count data models. J Econom. 1986, 33:341-65. 10.1016/0304-4076(86)90002-3 10.1016/0304-4076(86)90002-3
[34]
Regression Models for Count Data inR

Achim Zeileis, Christian Kleiber, Simon Jackman

Journal of Statistical Software 2008 10.18637/jss.v027.i08
[35]
Hogarth L. Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020, 45:720-35. 10.1038/s41386-020-0600-8 10.1038/s41386-020-0600-8
[36]
Stellern J, Xiao KB, Grennell E, Sanches M, Gowin JL, Sloan ME. Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2023, 118:30-47. 10.1111/add.16001 10.1111/add.16001
[37]
Picciotto MR, Lewis AS, van Schalkwyk GI, Mineur YS. Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states. Neuropharmacology. 2015, 96:235-43. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.028 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.028
[38]
Wignall ND, de Wit H. Effects of nicotine on attention and inhibitory control in healthy nonsmokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011, 19:183-91. 10.1037/a0023292 10.1037/a0023292
[39]
Ernst M, Matochik JA, Heishman SJ, Van Horn JD, Jons PH, Henningfield JE, London ED. Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001, 98:4728-33. 10.1073/pnas.061369098 10.1073/pnas.061369098
[40]
Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015, 58:168-85. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004
[41]
Alshahrani NZ. Knowledge, perceptions, and usage patterns of nicotine pouches among Saudi medical students: a cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis. 2025, 23:10.18332/tid/207914 10.18332/tid/207914
[42]
Mallock-Ohnesorg N, Rabenstein A, Stoll Y, et al.. Small pouches, but high nicotine doses-nicotine delivery and acute effects after use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches. Front Pharmacol. 2024, 15:1392027. 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392027 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392027
[43]
Chapman F, McDermott S, Rudd K, et al.. A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety and tolerability profiles of tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches relative to cigarettes. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022, 239:2931-43. 10.1007/s00213-022-06178-6 10.1007/s00213-022-06178-6
[44]
Jabba SV, Silinski P, Yang AY, Ouyang W, Jordt SE. Artificial sweeteners in US-marketed oral nicotine pouch products: correlation with nicotine contents and effects on product preference. Nicotine Tob Res. 2026, 28:223-9. 10.1093/ntr/ntae293 10.1093/ntr/ntae293
[45]
Rusiecka AW, Szymacha K, Lewkowicz N. The safety of using oral nicotine pouche—consideration of their effects on general health, oral mucosa and periodontal diseases, comparing them to snus and other nicotine-containing products. J Pre Clin Clin Res. 2024, 18:224-30. 10.26444/jpccr/189645 10.26444/jpccr/189645
[46]
Rungraungrayabkul D, Gaewkhiew P, Vichayanrat T, Shrestha B, Buajeeb W. What is the impact of nicotine pouches on oral health: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2024, 24:889. 10.1186/s12903-024-04598-8 10.1186/s12903-024-04598-8
Metrics
0
Citations
46
References
Details
Published
Apr 12, 2026
Cite This Article
Abdullah M Gosadi, Naif A Dighriri, Yahya A Hurubi, et al. (2026). Characterizing Heterogeneity in Behavioral Phenotypes Among Oral Nicotine Pouch Users in Saudi Arabia: A Latent Class Analysis. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106912
Related

You May Also Like

Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing

Hussam Alkaissi, Samy I McFarlane · 2023

803 citations

Role of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Well-Being: A Review

Aditya Mahindru, Pradeep Patil · 2023

311 citations

Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future

Karen Allison, Deepkumar Patel · 2020

256 citations

Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers

Deepesh Khanna, Siya Khanna · 2022

195 citations