Robust unfolding of MeV x-ray spectra from filter stack spectrometer data

We present an inversion method capable of robustly unfolding MeV x-ray spectra from filter stack spectrometer (FSS) data without requiring an a priori specification of a spectral shape or arbitrary termination of the algorithm. Our inversion method is based upon the perturbative minimization (PM) algorithm, which has previously been shown to be capable of unfolding x-ray transmission data, albeit for a limited regime in which the x-ray mass attenuation coefficient of the filter material increases monotonically with x-ray energy. Our inversion method improves upon the PM algorithm through regular smoothing of the candidate spectrum and by adding stochasticity to the search. With these additions, the inversion method does not require a physics model for an initial guess, fitting, or user-selected termination of the search. Instead, the only assumption made by the inversion method is that the x-ray spectrum should be near a smooth curve. Testing with synthetic data shows that the inversion method can successfully recover the primary large-scale features of MeV x-ray spectra, including the number of x-rays in energy bins of several-MeV widths to within 10%. Fine-scale features, however, are more difficult to recover accurately. Examples of unfolding experimental FSS data obtained at the Texas Petawatt Laser Facility and the OMEGA EP laser facility are also presented.

Topics

No keywords indexed for this article. Browse by subject →

References

49

[1]

"Characterisation of a MeV Bremsstrahlung x-ray source produced from a high intensity laser for high areal density object radiography" Phys. Plasmas (2013) 10.1063/1.4818505

[2]

"Laser-driven x-ray and neutron source development for industrial applications of plasma accelerators" Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion (2015) 10.1088/0741-3335/58/1/014039

[3]

"Laser-plasmas in the relativistic-transparency regime: Science and applications" Phys. Plasmas (2017) 10.1063/1.4983991

[4]

"MeV bremsstrahlung x rays from intense laser interaction with solid foils" Laser Part. Beams (2018) 10.1017/s0263034618000551

[5]

"Development of a bright MeV photon source with compound parabolic concentrator targets on the National Ignition Facility Advanced Radiographic Capability (NIF-ARC) laser" Phys. Plasmas (2023) 10.1063/5.0124539

[6]

"Calculation of x-ray spectra for radiosurgical beams" Med. Phys. (1995) 10.1118/1.597426

[7]

"X-ray spectra estimation using attenuation measurements from 25 kVp to 18 MV" Med. Phys. (1999) 10.1118/1.598622

[8]

"The variation in biological effectiveness of x-rays and gamma rays with energy" Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (2004) 10.1093/rpd/nch091

[9]

"Direct energy spectrum measurement of x-ray from a clinical linac" J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. (2021) 10.1002/acm2.13354

[10]

"Relativistic quasimonoenergetic positron jets from intense laser-solid interactions" Phys. Rev. Lett. (2010) 10.1103/physrevlett.105.015003

[11]

"Creation of super-high-flux photo-neutrons and gamma-rays > 8 MeV using a petawatt laser to irradiate high-Z solid targets" (2023)

[12]

"Science with e-ASTROGAM: A space mission for MeV–GeV gamma-ray astrophysics" J. High Energy Astrophys. (2018) 10.1016/j.jheap.2018.07.001

[13]

"Multi-pulse time resolved gamma ray spectroscopy of the advanced radiographic capability using gas Cherenkov diagnostics" Phys. Plasmas (2021) 10.1063/5.0034214

[14]

"Gamma-ray measurements for inertial confinement fusion applications" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2023) 10.1063/5.0126969

[15]

"Cherenkov radiation conversion and collection considerations for a gamma bang time/reaction history diagnostic for the NIF" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2008) 10.1063/1.2979868

[16]

"Pulse dilation gas Cherenkov detector for ultra-fast gamma reaction history at the NIF (invited)" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2018) 10.1063/1.5039377

[17]

"ICF gamma-ray reaction history diagnostics" J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (2010) 10.1088/1742-6596/244/3/032047

[18]

"Determination of high-energy x-ray spectra by photoactivation" Med. Phys. (1976) 10.1118/1.594217

[19]

"Spectral characterization of flash and high flux x-ray radiographic sources with a magnetic Compton spectrometer" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2021) 10.1063/5.0053184

[20]

"A scintillator attenuation spectrometer for intense gamma-rays" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2022) 10.1063/5.0082131

[21]

"High-energy differential-filtering photon spectrometer for ultraintense laser-matter interactions" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2018) 10.1063/1.5039383

[22]

"A Bremsstrahlung spectrometer using k-edge and differential filters with image plate dosimeters" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2008) 10.1063/1.2964231

[23]

"Spectral tomographic analysis of Bremsstrahlung X-rays generated in a laser-produced plasma" Laser Part. Beams (2016) 10.1017/s0263034616000604

[24]

"Compact spectroscopy of keV to MeV x-rays from a laser wakefield accelerator" Sci. Rep. (2021) 10.1038/s41598-021-93689-5

[25]

"Calorimeter with Bayesian unfolding of spectra of high-flux broadband x rays" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2022) 10.1063/5.0078443

[26]

B. A. Ulmen , T. J.Webb, G. A.Radtke, A. J.Olson, K. R.Depriest, S. K.Coffey, Q. M.Looker, X.Gao, R. J.Nicholas, J. D.Edwards, “An x-ray intensity operations monitor (axiom)(final LDRD project report),” Technical Report [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM, 2021].

[27]

C. J. Werner , J. C.Armstrong, F. B.Brown, J. S.Bull, L.Casswell, L. J.Cox, D. A.Dixon, R. A.ForsterIII, J. T.Goorley, H. G.HughesIII, J. A.Favorite, R. L.Martz, S. G.Mashnik, M. E.Rising, C. J.Solomon, Jr., A.Sood, J. E.Sweezy, A. J.Zukaitis, C. A.Anderson, J. S.Elson, J. W.Durkee, Jr., R. C.Johns, G. W.McKinney, G. E.McMath, J. S.Hendricks, D. B.Pelowitz, R. E.Prael, T. E.Booth, M. R.James, M. L.Fensin, T. A.Wilcox, and B. C.Kiedrowski, “MCNP User’s Manual code version 6.2,” Technical Report LA-UR-17-29981 (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 2017).

[28]

Geant4—a simulation toolkit

S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako et al.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Researc... 2003 10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8

[29]

"A robust method of x-ray source spectrum estimation from transmission measurements: Demonstrated on computer simulated, scatter-free transmission data" J. Appl. Phys. (2005) 10.1063/1.1928312

[30]

"XCOM: Photon cross section database (version 1.5)" (2010)

[31]

"Spectrum unfolding, sensitivity analysis and propagation of uncertainties with the maximum entropy deconvolution code MAXED" Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A (2002) 10.1016/s0168-9002(01)01439-5

[32]

"Improved spectral data unfolding for radiochromic film imaging spectroscopy of laser-accelerated proton beams" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2014) 10.1063/1.4870895

[33]

"A multidimensional unfolding method based on Bayes’ theorem" Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A (1995) 10.1016/0168-9002(95)00274-x

[34]

"Development of a deep learning based automated data analysis for step-filter x-ray spectrometers in support of high-repetition rate short-pulse laser-driven acceleration experiments" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2021) 10.1063/5.0043835

[35]

"A flexible proton beam imaging energy spectrometer (PROBIES) for high repetition rate or single-shot high energy density (HED) experiments (invited)" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2023) 10.1063/5.0101845

[36]

"A practical method for estimating high-energy x-ray spectra using the iterative perturbation principle proposed by Waggener" Radiat. Phys. Chem. (2003) 10.1016/s0969-806x(03)00012-4

[37]

Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures.

Abraham. Savitzky, M. J. E. Golay

Analytical Chemistry 1964 10.1021/ac60214a047

[38]

"Application of imaging plates to x-ray imaging and spectroscopy in laser plasma experiments (invited)" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2006) 10.1063/1.2351924

[39]

"Evaluation of the sensitivity and fading characteristics of an image plate system for x-ray diagnostics" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2008) 10.1063/1.3013123

[40]

"High-energy x-ray backlighter spectrum measurements using calibrated image plates" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2011) 10.1063/1.3531979

[41]

"Validation of modelled imaging plates sensitivity to 1-100 keV x-rays and spatial resolution characterisation for diagnostics for the ‘PETawatt Aquitaine Laser’" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2016) 10.1063/1.4944863

[42]

"Image-plate sensitivity to x rays at 2 to 60 keV" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2019) 10.1063/1.5053592

[43]

Analytic representation of bremsstrahlung spectra from thick radiators as a function of photon energy and angle

D.J.S. Findlay

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Researc... 1989 10.1016/0168-9002(89)90591-3

[44]

Optimization by Simulated Annealing

S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, M. P. Vecchi

Science 1983 10.1126/science.220.4598.671

[45]

"Effects of electron recirculation on a hard x-ray source observed during the interaction of a high intensity laser pulse with thin Au targets" Phys. Plasmas (2013) 10.1063/1.4848759

[46]

"Maximizing MeV x-ray dose in relativistic laser-solid interactions" Phys. Rev. Res. (2023) 10.1103/physrevresearch.5.l012044

[47]

"On the system stability and calibration of the image plate/scanner system for plasma diagnosis at the National Ignition Facility" Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2018) 10.1063/1.5039363

[48]

"Development of the MeV Thomson-scattered gamma ray source using laser plasma accelerators at the BELLA Center" Proc. SPIE (2023) 10.1117/12.2665755.6328682792112

[49]

"The HIγS facility: A free-electron laser generated gamma-ray beam for research in nuclear physics" Mod. Phys. Lett. A (2003) 10.1142/s0217732303011216

Cited By

13

Optimizing MeV photon dose generation in laser-solid interactions via stable beam propagation

A. Bogale, L. Yin · 2025

Physical Review Research

Laser-driven flash x-ray radiography of a shocked metallic foil

D. P. Broughton, S. Palaniyappan · 2025

AIP Advances

Filter stack spectrometer measurements of high energy x-ray sources for radiography

J. Strehlow, C.-S. Wong · 2025

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in...

Reduced-order model to approximate response matrices for filter stack spectrometers

C.-S. Wong, S. V. Luedtke · 2024

Review of Scientific Instruments

Metrics

13

Citations

49

References

Details

Published: Feb 01, 2024
Vol/Issue: 95(2)
License: View

Authors

C

C.-S. Wong

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

J

J. Strehlow

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

D

D. P. Broughton

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

S

S. V. Luedtke

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

C

C.-K. Huang

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

A

A. Bogale

Center for Energy Research, University of California - San Diego 2 , La Jolla, California 92093, USA

R

R. Fitzgarrald

Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan 3 , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

R

R. Nedbailo

Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas 4 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA

J

J. L. Schmidt

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

T

T. R. Schmidt

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

J

J. Twardowski

Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University 5 , Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA

A

A. van Pelt

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA; Center for High Energy Density Science, University of Texas 4 , Austin, Texas 78712, USA

M

M. Alvarado Alvarez

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

A

A. Junghans

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

L

L. T. Mix

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

R

R. E. Reinovsky

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

D

D. R. Rusby

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 6 , Livermore, California 94551, USA

Z

Z. Wang

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

B

B. Wolfe

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

B

B. J. Albright

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

S

S. H. Batha

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

S

S. Palaniyappan

Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA

Funding

Los Alamos National Laboratory Award: 20220018DR

U.S. Department of Energy Award: DE-SC0021125

Cite This Article

C.-S. Wong, J. Strehlow, D. P. Broughton, et al. (2024). Robust unfolding of MeV x-ray spectra from filter stack spectrometer data. Review of Scientific Instruments, 95(2). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0190679

Robust unfolding of MeV x-ray spectra from filter stack spectrometer data

You May Also Like