Comparative examination of pinniped craniofacial musculature and its role in aquatic feeding

Sarah S. Kienle; Roxanne D. Cuthbertson; Joy S. Reidenberg

doi:10.1111/joa.13557

journal article Open Access Oct 26, 2021

Comparative examination of pinniped craniofacial musculature and its role in aquatic feeding

Sarah S. Kienle

Roxanne D. Cuthbertson Joy S. Reidenberg

Journal of Anatomy Vol. 240 No. 2 pp. 226-252 · Wiley

View at Publisher Save 10.1111/joa.13557

Abstract

AbstractSecondarily aquatic tetrapods have many unique morphologic adaptations for life underwater compared with their terrestrial counterparts. A key innovation during the land‐to‐water transition was feeding. Pinnipeds, a clade of air‐breathing marine carnivorans that include seals, sea lions, and walruses, have evolved multiple strategies for aquatic feeding (e.g., biting, suction feeding). Numerous studies have examined the pinniped skull and dental specializations for underwater feeding. However, data on the pinniped craniofacial musculoskeletal system and its role in aquatic feeding are rare. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to conduct a comparative analysis of pinniped craniofacial musculature and examine the function of the craniofacial musculature in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. We performed anatomic dissections of 35 specimens across six pinniped species. We describe 32 pinniped craniofacial muscles—including facial expression, mastication, tongue, hyoid, and soft palate muscles. Pinnipeds broadly conform to mammalian patterns of craniofacial muscle morphology. Pinnipeds also exhibit unique musculoskeletal morphologies—in muscle position, attachments, and size—that likely represent adaptations for different aquatic feeding strategies. Suction feeding specialists (bearded and northern elephant seals) have a significantly larger masseter than biters. Further, northern elephant seals have large and unique tongue and hyoid muscle morphologies compared with other pinniped species. These morphologic changes likely help generate and withstand suction pressures necessary for drawing water and prey into the mouth. In contrast, biting taxa (California sea lions, harbor, ringed, and Weddell seals) do not exhibit consistent craniofacial musculoskeletal adaptations that differentiate them from suction feeders. Generally, we discover that all pinnipeds have well‐developed and robust craniofacial musculature. Pinniped head musculature plays an important role in facilitating different aquatic feeding strategies. Together with behavioral and kinematic studies, our data suggest that pinnipeds’ robust facial morphology allows animals to switch feeding strategies depending on the environmental context—a critical skill in a heterogeneous and rapidly changing underwater habitat.

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Details

Published: Oct 26, 2021
Vol/Issue: 240(2)
Pages: 226-252
License: View

Authors

S

Sarah S. Kienle

Department of Biology Baylor University Waco Texas USA

R

Roxanne D. Cuthbertson

Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington North Carolina USA

J

Joy S. Reidenberg

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology New York New York USA

Funding

American Museum of Natural History

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

University of California, Santa Cruz

Cite This Article

Sarah S. Kienle, Roxanne D. Cuthbertson, Joy S. Reidenberg (2021). Comparative examination of pinniped craniofacial musculature and its role in aquatic feeding. Journal of Anatomy, 240(2), 226-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13557

Comparative examination of pinniped craniofacial musculature and its role in aquatic feeding

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