Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Unai Galicia-García; Asier Benito-Vicente; Shifa Jebari; Asier Larrea-Sebal; Haziq Siddiqi; Kepa B. Uribe; Helena Ostolaza; César Martín

doi:10.3390/ijms21176275

journal article Open Access Aug 30, 2020

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Unai Galicia-García Asier Benito-Vicente Shifa Jebari Asier Larrea-Sebal Haziq Siddiqi Kepa B. Uribe Helena Ostolaza César Martín

International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21 No. 17 pp. 6275 · MDPI AG

View at Publisher Save 10.3390/ijms21176275

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin. Because insulin release and activity are essential processes for glucose homeostasis, the molecular mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of insulin, as well as in its detection are tightly regulated. Defects in any of the mechanisms involved in these processes can lead to a metabolic imbalance responsible for the development of the disease. This review analyzes the key aspects of T2DM, as well as the molecular mechanisms and pathways implicated in insulin metabolism leading to T2DM and insulin resistance. For that purpose, we summarize the data gathered up until now, focusing especially on insulin synthesis, insulin release, insulin sensing and on the downstream effects on individual insulin-sensitive organs. The review also covers the pathological conditions perpetuating T2DM such as nutritional factors, physical activity, gut dysbiosis and metabolic memory. Additionally, because T2DM is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis development, we review here some of the molecular mechanisms that link T2DM and insulin resistance (IR) as well as cardiovascular risk as one of the most important complications in T2DM.

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Details

Published: Aug 30, 2020
Vol/Issue: 21(17)
Pages: 6275
License: View

Authors

U

Unai Galicia-García

Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain

A

Asier Benito-Vicente

Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

S

Shifa Jebari

Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

A

Asier Larrea-Sebal

Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain

H

Haziq Siddiqi

Havard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA

K

Kepa B. Uribe

Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain

H

Helena Ostolaza

Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

C

César Martín

Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

Cite This Article

Unai Galicia-García, Asier Benito-Vicente, Shifa Jebari, et al. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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